Science of Emotion and Sensibility (감성과학)

Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility (한국감성과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Pet Attachment and Subjective Well-Being: Mediation Effect of Basic Psychological Needs

반려동물 애착과 주관적 안녕감: 기본 심리 욕구의 매개 효과

  • 우수아 (한국상담대학원대학교 ) ;
  • 김민희 (한국상담대학원대학교)
  • Received : 2022.07.22
  • Accepted : 2022.11.01
  • Published : 2023.03.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study aims to study the impact of pet attachment on subjective well-being, focusing on individuals who live with pets. In addition, it is to recognize that their basic psychological requirement mediates between pet attachment and subjective well-being. For this purpose, a survey was performed on 358 adults living with pets nationwide. The final data of 319 people were evaluated after excluding invalid information. Dependent on the theoretical approach of the attachment theory, the human-pet relationship was examined by dividing it into two orthogonal dimensions pet attachment prevention and pet attachment anxiety(Zilcha-Mano et al., 2011). The mediating effects were investigated as an in-depth mechanism that mediates between pet attachment and subjective well-being, the mediating effects were examined, in terms of the three basic psychological needs of Self-Determination Theory, which are autonomy, competence, and relatedness. As an outcome, first, pet attachment prevention and pet attachment anxiety both revealed a negative correlation with subjective well-being. Second, basic psychological needs, which are autonomy, competence, and relatedness, are mediated between pet attachment and subjective well-being. Autonomy, competence, and relatedness fully mediated the relationship between pet attachment avoidance and subjective well-being. Meanwhile, in the case of pet attachment anxiety, only autonomy among basic psychological needs is fully mediated between pet attachment anxiety and subjective well-being in the case of pet attachment avoidance. This means that pet attachment prevention or pet attachment anxiety correlates with subjective well-being by satisfying basic psychological needs instead of directly affecting personal well-being. Regarding the pet effect, it is meaningful to find an in-depth mechanism that the human-pet relationship has for an adaptive and positive impact on humans.

본 연구의 목적은 현재 반려동물과 생활하는 반려인들을 대상으로 반려동물에 대한 애착이 주관적 안녕감에 미치는 영향을 알아보고, 기본 심리 욕구가 반려동물에 대한 애착과 주관적 안녕감 사이를 매개하는지 확인하는 것이다. 이를 위해 전국의 성인 중 반려동물과 생활하는 358명을 대상으로 설문을 실시하였고, 이 중 사용할 수 없는 자료를 제외하고 319명의 자료를 분석하였다. 본 연구에서는 애착의 2차원 모델과(Zilcha-Mano et al., 2011) 자기 결정성 이론(Deci & Ryan, 2012)에 근거하여, 애착 불안과 애착 회피가 주관적 안녕감에 미치는 영향을 확인하였다. 더 나아가 이들 관계의 심층 기제로서 기본 심리 욕구인, 자율성, 유능감, 관계성의 매개효과를 분석하였다. 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 반려동물 애착 회피와 반려동물 애착 불안은 모두 주관적 안녕감과 부적 상관을 보였다. 둘째, 기본 심리 욕구인 자율성, 유능감, 관계성이 반려동물과의 애착과 주관적 안녕감의 관계를 매개하는 매개효과가 검증되었다. 특히, 애착 회피와 주관적 안녕감 간 관계를 자율성, 유능감, 관계성이 완전 매개하는 것으로 나타났으며, 애착 불안과 주관적 안녕감 간 관계에서는 자율성만 완전 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 반려동물과의 애착 회피 또는 애착 불안이 직접적으로 개인의 안녕감에 영향을 미친다기보다 기본 심리 욕구 충족에 관여함으로써 주관적 안녕감에 영향을 미친다는 것을 의미한다. 반려동물과의 관계가 인간의 삶에 긍정적인 영향을 끼치는 데 있어 기본 심리 욕구의 충족이 심층 기제가 된다는 사실을 밝혔다는 데 본 연구의 의의가 있다.

Keywords

References

  1. Allen, K. (2003). Are pets a healthy pleasure? The influence of pets on blood pressure. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(6), 236-239. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0963-7214.2003.01269.x
  2. Amiot, C. E., & Bastian, B. (2015). Toward a psychology of human-animal relations. Psychological Bulletin, 141(1), 6.
  3. Antonacopoulos, N. M. D. (2016). An Examination of Dog Ownership in the Promotion of Walking as a Form of Physical Activity and Its Effects on.
  4. Aradhye, C., & Vonk, J. (2014). Theory of mind in Vulnerable and Grandiose Narcissism. In Psychology of emotions, motivations and actions. Handbook of the psychology of narcissism: Diverse perspectives (pp. 347-361). Nova Science Publishers.
  5. Baard, P. P., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1998). Intrinsic need satisfaction: A Motivational Basis of Performance and Well-being in Work Settings. New York, NY: Fordham University.
  6. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173.
  7. Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: a test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 226.
  8. Bauer, A., & Woodward, L. (2007). People and their pets: A relational perspective on interpersonal complementarity and attachment in companion animal owners. Society & Animals, 15(2), 169-189. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853007X187117
  9. Beck, A. M., & Meyers, N. M. (1996). Health enhancement and companion animal ownership. Annual Review of Public Health, 17(1), 247-257. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pu.17.050196.001335
  10. Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Volume II: Separation, anxiety and anger. In Attachment and Loss: Volume II: Separation, Anxiety and Anger (pp. 1-429). London: The Hogarth press and the institute of psycho-analysis.
  11. Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: retrospect and prospect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52(4), 664.
  12. Brennan, K. A., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Attachment styles and personality disorders: Their connections to each other and to parental divorce, parental death, and perceptions of parental caregiving. Journal of Personality, 66(5), 835-878. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00034
  13. Bretherton, I. (1985). Attachment theory: Retrospect and prospect. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 3-35.
  14. Bustad, L. K. (1990). Prison programs involving animals. Compassion, our last great hope, 72-73.
  15. Cameron, J. J., Finnegan, H., & Morry, M. M. (2012). Orthogonal dreams in an oblique world: A meta-analysis of the association between attachment anxiety and avoidance. Journal of Research in Personality, 46(5), 472-476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2012.05.001
  16. Cho, Y. H., & Chung, N. W. (2016), Effect of adult attachment, basic psychological needs satisfaction and internalized shame on anger expression modes. Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 28(1), 169-190. https://doi.org/10.23844/kjcp.2016.02.28.1.169
  17. Cho, Y. M. & Lee, H. G. (2013) The relation between adult attachment and social anxiety: The mediation effect of basic psychological needs satisfaction and experiential avoidance, Korea Journal of Counseling, 14(2), 1227.
  18. Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Seligman, M. E. (2000) Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5-14. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
  19. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
  20. Diener, E. (2009). Subjective well-being. In The science of well-being (pp. 11-58). Springer, Dordrecht.
  21. Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. (2002). Very happy people. Psychological Science, 13(1), 81-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00415
  22. Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276.
  23. Douglas, V. J., Kwan, M. Y., & Gordon, K. H. (2021). Pet attachment and the interpersonal theory of suicide. Crisis. The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention.
  24. Emmons, R. A., & Diener, E. (1986). Influence of impulsivity and sociability on subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(6), 1211.
  25. Endenburg, N. (1995). The attachment of people to companion animals. Anthrozoos, 8(2), 83-89. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279395787156446
  26. Fraley, R. C., Hudson, N. W., Heffernan, M. E., & Segal, N. (2015). Are adult attachment styles categorical or dimensional? A taxometric analysis of general and relationship-specific attachment orientations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(2), 354.
  27. Friedmann, E., & Thomas, S. A. (1995). Pet ownership, social support, and one-year survival after acute myocardial infarction in the cardiac arrhythmia suppression trial (CAST). The American Journal of Cardiology, 76(17), 1213-1217. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(99)80343-9
  28. Friedmann, E., Katcher, A. H., Thomas, S. A., Lynch, J. J., & Messent, P. R. (1983). Social interaction and blood pressure: Influence of animal companions. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease.
  29. Fuendeling, J. M. (1998). Affect regulation as a stylistic process within adult attachment. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15(3), 291-322. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407598153001
  30. Greenberg, S. M., & Mitchell, S. S.(1983) Object relations in psychoanalytic theory.
  31. Han, A., & Song, G. H. (2020), A study on differences in the perception of the animal registration system in accordance with acquisition channel and demographic characteristics of companion animal guardians, The Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 11(1), 507.
  32. Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond baron and kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76(4), 408-420. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750903310360
  33. Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1990). Love and work: An attachment-theoretical perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(2), 270.
  34. Holmbeck, G. N. (2002). Post-hoc probing of significant moderational and mediational effects in studies of pediatric populations. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 27(1), 87-96. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/27.1.87
  35. Jeong, H. A. (2020). Pet loss syndrome tendency according to attachment with pets: Moderating effects of adult attachment. The Graduate School of Professional Therapeutic Technology, Seoul Women's University.
  36. Jeong, J. E., Yoon, H. J., Ko, M. N., & Kim, B. S. (2018), Relationship among father, mother, peer attachment, self-esteem and interpersonal skills of college students, Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility, 59-60.
  37. Kanat-Maymon, Y., Antebi, A., & Zilcha-Mano, S. (2016). Basic psychological need fulfillment in human-pet relationships and well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 92, 69-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.12.025
  38. Kanat-Maymon, Y., Benjamin, M., Stavsky, A., Shoshani, A., & Roth, G. (2015). The role of basic need fulfillment in academic dishonesty: A self-determination theory perspective. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 43, 1-9.
  39. Kanat-Maymon, Y., Roth, G., Assor, A., & Reizer, A. (2012). Conditional regard in close relationships. Physical and Psychological Health (Doctoral dissertation, Carleton University).
  40. Kasser, V. G., & Ryan, R. M. (1999). The relation of psychological needs for autonomy and relatedness to vitality, well-being, and mortality in a nursing home 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29(5), 935-954. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb00133.x
  41. Kim, G. Y. (2019), The duality of human towards animals, the value of animal life and coexistence with human being - dual attitudes of human toward a companion animal -, Soonchunhyang University Institute of Humanities, 38(3), 97.
  42. Kim, H. J., & Han G. B (2019), The relationship between adult attachment and subjective well-being: The mediating roles of emotional reactivity and cut-off. Korea Journal of Counseling, Feb 28, 2019, 20(1), 143.
  43. Kim, Y. H. (2018), The relationship between unstable attachment and subjective well-being: Mediating effect of decentering and self-compassion, The Korean Journal of Stress Research, 26(4), 290-295. https://doi.org/10.17547/kjsr.2018.26.4.290
  44. Kurdek, L. A. (2008). Pet dogs as attachment figures. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 25(2), 247-266. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407507087958
  45. La Guardia, J. G., Ryan, R. M., Couchman, C. E., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Within-person variation in security of attachment: A self-determination theory perspective on attachment, need fulfillment, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(3), 367.
  46. La Guardia, R. M. (2000). Los ultimos intentos reformadores de la prensa del movimiento (1975-1976). Ambitos. Revista Internacional de Comunicacion, (3-4).
  47. le Roux, M. C., & Wright, S. (2020). The relationship between pet attachment, life satisfaction, and perceived stress: Results from a South African online survey. Anthrozoos, 33(3), 371-385. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2020.1746525
  48. Lee, G. H. (2019), Social exclusion, raising companion animals, and psychological well-being: An exploratory study, Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility, 22(1), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.14695/KJSOS.2018.22.1.3
  49. Lee, H. S., & Lee, H. K. (2011), The relation between adult attachment and burnout in novice counselors: The mediation effect of basic psychological needs satisfaction, Korea Journal of Counseling, 12(5), 1433.
  50. Lee, M. H., & Lim, A. Y. (2008). Basic psychological needs scale for Korean adolescents: Based on the self-determination theory. Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, 22(4), 157-174
  51. Levesque, C., Zuehlke, A. N., Stanek, L. R., & Ryan, R. M. (2004). Autonomy and competence in German and American university students: A comparative study based on self-determination theory. Journal of Educational Psychology, 96(1), 68.
  52. Lewin, K. (1935). Psycho-sociological problems of a minority group. Character & Personality; A Quarterly for Psychodiagnostic & Allied Studies.
  53. Lopez, F. G., & Gormley, B. (2002). Stability and change in adult attachmentm style over the first-year college transition: Relations to self-confidence, coping, and distress patterns. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49(3), 355.
  54. McConnell, A. R., Brown, C. M., Shoda, T. M., Stayton, L. E., & Martin, C. E. (2011). Friends with benefits: On the positive consequences of pet ownership. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(6), 1239.
  55. Meyer, B., & Pilkonis, P. A. (2011). Attachment theory and narcissistic personality disorder. The handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: Theoretical approaches, empirical findings, and treatments, 434-444.
  56. Mikulincer, M., Florian, V., & Tolmacz, R. (1990). Attachment styles and fear of personal death: A case study of affect regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(2), 273.
  57. Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., & Pereg, D. (2003). Attachment theory and affect regulation: The dynamics, development, and cognitive consequences of attachment-related strategies. Motivation and Emotion, 27(2), 77-102. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024515519160
  58. Oh, E. J., & Sung, K. M. (2011), Nurses' organizational commitment, job satisfaction and job stress according to their adult attachment styles. Journal of East-West Nursing Research, 17(2), 117.
  59. Park, H. S., & Lee, J. M. (2016). A validation study of Korean version of panas-revised. Korean Journal of Psychology: General, 35(4), 617-641. https://doi.org/10.22257/kjp.2016.12.35.4.617
  60. Pinquart, M., & Sorensen, S. (2000). Influences of socioeconomic status, social network, and competence on subjective well-being in later life: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 15(2), 187.
  61. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers, 36(4), 717-731. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206553
  62. Rice, K. G. (1990). Attachment in adolescence: A narrative and meta-analytic review. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 19(5), 511-538. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01537478
  63. Roberts, C. A., McBride, E. A., Rosenvinge, H. P., Stevenage, S. V., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68.
  64. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54-67. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020
  65. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68.
  66. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2006). Self-regulation and the problem of human autonomy: Does psychology need choice, self-determination, and will?. Journal of personality, 74(6), 1557-1586. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00420.x
  67. Schimmack, U., & Diener, E. (2003). Predictive validity of explicit and implicit self-esteem for subjective well-being. Journal of Research in Personality, 37(2), 100-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00532-9
  68. Seligman, M. E., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014). Positive psychology: An introduction. In Flow and the foundations of positive psychology (pp. 279-298). Springer, Dordrecht.
  69. Seo, S. Y., Paik, J. Y., & Chong, Y. S. (2012), Relationships among stress, meaning in life, and happiness in elders, Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 25(3), 17-30.
  70. Shim, Y. (2010). A validation study of the Korean version of the calling and vocation questionnaire with a Korean college student sample. Department of Psychology, The Graduate School of Ewha Womans University.
  71. Simpson, J. A. (1990). Influence of attachment styles on romantic relationships. Journal of personality and social psychology, 59(5), 971.
  72. Tsai, C. W., Lai, C. F., Chao, H. C., & Vasilakos, A. V. (2015). Big data analytics: a survey. Journal of Big Data, 2(1), 1-32.
  73. Vonk, J., Zeigler-Hill, V., Mayhew, P., & Mercer, S. (2013). Mirror, mirror on the wall, which form of narcissist knows self and others best of all?. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(3), 396-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.10.010
  74. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063.
  75. Wei, M., Shaffer, P. A., Young, S. K., & Zakalik, R. A. (2005). Adult attachment, shame, depression, and loneliness: The mediation role of basic psychological needs satisfaction. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(4), 591.
  76. Weinstein, N., & Ryan, R. M. (2010). When helping helps: autonomous motivation for prosocial behavior and its influence on well-being for the helper and recipient. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(2), 222.
  77. Wells, D. L. (2009). The effects of animals on human health and well-being. Journal of Social Issues, 65(3), 523-543. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01612.x
  78. West, M., Sheldon, A., & Reiffer, L. (1987). An approach to the delineation of adult attachment. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175, 738-741. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198712000-00006
  79. West, S. G., Finch, J. F., & Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation models with nonnormal variables: Problems and remedies.
  80. Wilson, W. R. (1967). Correlates of avowed happiness. Psychological Bulletin, 67(4).
  81. Young, L., Kolubinski, D. C., & Frings, D. (2020). Attachment style moderates the relationship between social media use and user mental health and wellbeing. Heliyon, 6(6), e04056.
  82. Yu, S., Levesque-Bristol, C., & Maeda, Y. (2018). General need for autonomy and subjective well-being: A meta-analysis of studies in the US and East Asia. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19(6), 1863-1882. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9898-2
  83. Zasloff, R. L., & Kidd, A. H. (1994). Loneliness and pet ownership among single women. Psychological Reports, 75(2), 747-752.
  84. Zilcha-Mano, S., Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2011). An attachment perspective on human-pet relationships: Conceptualization and assessment of pet attachment orientations. Journal of Research in Personality, 45(4), 345-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2011.04.001
  85. Zilcha-Mano, S., Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2012). Pets as safe havens and secure bases: The moderating role of pet attachment orientations. Journal of Research in Personality, 46(5), 571-580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2012.06.005