Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences

The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Science (한국수산과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Infection of Enteromyxum leei in cultured starry flounder Platichthys stellatus

  • Sang Phil Shin (Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University) ;
  • Jehee Lee (Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University)
  • Received : 2023.01.10
  • Accepted : 2023.02.16
  • Published : 2023.03.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Enteromyxum leei has been identified as the causative agent of emaciation disease in a wide range of marine fish hosts. In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of the parasitic infection of Enteromyxum species on starry flounder that were cultured in aquaculture farms of Jeju island in Korea. As the mortality of cultured olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus because of E. leei infection increased, some fish farms on Jeju island attempted to culture the starry flounder Platichthys stellatus, as an alternative. Myxosporeans with a developmental stage similar to E. leei were found in the intestines of cultured starry flounders. The partial 18S rDNA of myxosporeans showed 100% similarity with E. leei. To reveal the effect of E. leei infection on starry flounder, the intensity of E. leei infection measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and the condition factor (CF) of fish were measured and analyzed statistically. The results showed that high-intensity E. leei infection significantly decreased the CF of the starry flounder. However, the pathogenicity of E. leei to starry flounder is low, considering its mortality and clinical signs.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

We appreciate Dr. Jin, Mr. Park and Ms. Lee of Jeju National University for their assistance including monitoring and dissection.

References

  1. Baerwald MR, Petersen JL, Hedrick RP, Schisler GJ, May B. A major effect quantitative trait locus for whirling disease resistance identified in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Heredity. 2011;106:920-6. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2010.137
  2. Barta JR, Martin DS, Liberator PA, Dashkevicz M, Anderson JW, Feighner SD, et al. Phylogenetic relationships among eight Eimeria species infecting domestic fowl inferred using complete small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. J Parasitol. 1997;83:262-71. https://doi.org/10.2307/3284453
  3. Bartholomew JL. Host resistance to infection by the myxosporean parasite Ceratomyxa shasta: a review. J Aquat Anim Health. 1998;10:112-20. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(1998)010<0112:HRTIBT>2.0.CO;2
  4. Chang ES, Neuhof M, Rubinstein ND, Diamant A, Philippe H, Huchon D, et al. Genomic insights into the evolutionary origin of Myxozoa within Cnidaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2015;112:14912-7. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1511468112
  5. Cho MY, Lee JI, Kim MS, Choi HJ, Lee DC, Kim JW. Isolation of Streptococcus parauberis from starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus Pallas. J Fish Pathol. 2008;21:209-17.
  6. Cho YA, Han HJ, Mun HE, Jung SH, Park MA, Kim JW. Characterization of Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida isolated from cultured starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus in Korea. J Fish Pathol. 2013;26:77-88. https://doi.org/10.7847/jfp.2013.26.2.077
  7. Choi HS, Jun LJ, Kim SM, Jeong HD, Kim YK, Lim HY, et al. Clinical features of fish with pathogens isolated from emaciated olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. J Fish Pathol. 2012;25:67-76. https://doi.org/10.7847/jfp.2012.25.2.067
  8. Diamant A. A new pathogenic histozoic Myxidium (Myxosporea) in cultured gilt-head sea bream Sparus aurata L. Bull Eur Assoc Fish Pathol. 1992;12:64-6.
  9. Han JM, Park HJ, Kim JH, Jeong DS, Kang JC. Toxic effects of arsenic on growth, hematological parameters, and plasma components of starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus, at two water temperature conditions. Fish Aquat Sci. 2019;22:3.
  10. Hillis DM, Dixon MT. Ribosomal DNA: molecular evolution and phylogenetic inference. Q Rev Biol. 1991;66:411-53. https://doi.org/10.1086/417338
  11. Kang DY, Lee JH, Kim WJ, Kim HC. Morphological specificity in cultured starry flounder Platichthys stellatus reared in artificial facility. Fish Aquat Sci. 2012;15:117-23. https://doi.org/10.5657/FAS.2012.0117
  12. Kim HS, Choi J, Lim HJ, Jeong MH, Lee CS, Byun SG. Effect of feeding frequency on the growth of juvenile starry flounder Platichthys stellatus. Korean J Fish Aquat Sci. 2019;52:87-91.
  13. Kim SM, Jun LJ, Park MA, Jung SH, Jeong HD, Jeong JB. Monitoring of emaciation disease in cultured olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus in Jeju (2010-2013). Korea J Fish Aquat Sci. 2015;48:719-24. https://doi.org/10.5657/KFAS.2015.0719
  14. Korean Statistical Information Service [KOSTAT]. Survey on the status of fish culture 2016 [Internet]. KOSTAT. 2017 [cited 2017 March 30]. https://kostat.go.kr/board.es?mid=a10301080400&bid=225&act=view&list_no=359717
  15. Korean Statistical Information Service [KOSTAT]. Survey on the status of fish culture 2021 [Internet]. KOSTAT. 2022 [cited 2022 March 24]. https://kostat.go.kr/board.es?mid=a10301080400&bid=225&act=view&list_no=417422
  16. Lom J, Dykova I. Myxozoan genera: definition and notes on taxonomy, life-cycle terminology and pathogenic species. Folia Parasitol. 2006;53:1-36. https://doi.org/10.14411/fp.2006.001
  17. National Institute of Fisheries Science [NIFS]. Technical manual for the starry flounder aquaculture. Busan: NIFS; 2019.
  18. Ogawa K, Yokoyama H. Emaciation disease of cultured tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes. Bull Natl Res Inst Aquacult. 2001:65-70.
  19. Orcutt HG. The life history of the starry flounder: Platichthys stellatus (Pallas). Fish Bull. 1950;78:1-64.
  20. Palenzuela O, Redondo MJ, Alvarez-Pellitero P. Description of Enteromyxum scophthalmi gen. nov., sp. nov. (Myxozoa), an intestinal parasite of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) using morphological and ribosomal RNA sequence data. Parasitology. 2002;124:369-79. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182001001354
  21. Picard-Sanchez A, Estensoro I, del Pozo R, Carla Piazzon M, Palenzuela O, Sitja-Bobadilla A. Acquired protective immune response in a fish-myxozoan model encompasses specific antibodies and inflammation resolution. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2019;90:349-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.300
  22. Sekiya M, Setsuda A, Sato H, Song K, Han JK, Kim GJ, et al. Enteromyxum leei (Myxosporea: Bivalvulida) as the cause of myxosporean emaciation disease of farmed olive flounders (Paralichthys olivaceus) and a turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) on Jeju island, Korea. Parasitol Res. 2016;115:4229-37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-016-5200-5
  23. Shim JD, Hwang SD, Jang SY, Kim TW, Jeong JM. Monitoring of the mortalities in oliver flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) farms of Korea. J Fish Pathol. 2019;32:29-35.
  24. Shin SP, Jin CN, Sohn H, Lee J. Comparison of oral and anal inoculation of Enteromyxum leei into olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Aquaculture. 2022;561:738641.
  25. Shin SP, Sohn HC, Jin CN, Kang BJ, Lee J. Molecular diagnostics for verifying an etiological agent of emaciation disease in cultured olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus in Korea. Aquaculture. 2018;493:18-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.04.041
  26. Shin SP, Sohn HC, Jin CN, Kang BJ, Lee J. Quantitative investigation of Enteromyxum leei (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) infection and relative condition factor in cultured olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck and Schlegel). J Fish Dis. 2019;42:159-65. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.12912
  27. Sitja-Bobadilla A, Diamant A, Palenzuela O, Alvarez-Pellitero P. Effect of host factors and experimental conditions on the horizontal transmission of Enteromyxum leei (Myxozoa) to gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata L., and European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.). J Fish Dis. 2007;30:243-50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2007.00804.x
  28. Sitja-Bobadilla A, Palenzuela O. Enteromyxum species. In: Woo PTK, Buchmann K, editors. Fish parasites: pathobiology and protection. Wallingford: CAB International; 2012. p. 163-76.
  29. Sohn H, Jin CN, Kang BJ, Shin SP, Lee J. Infection dynamics of Enteromyxum leei (Myxozoa, Myxosporea) in culture water and its effects on cultured olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel). J Fish Dis. 2021;44:1475-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13449
  30. Tun T, Ogawa K, Wakabayashi H. Pathological changes induced by three myxosporeans in the intestine of cultured tiger puffer, Takifugu rubripes (Temminck and Schlegel). J Fish Dis. 2002;25:63-72. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.2002.00333.x
  31. Yanagida T. Myxosporean emaciation disease. Fish Pathol. 2017;52:63-7. https://doi.org/10.3147/jsfp.52.63
  32. Yanagida T, Nomura Y, Kimura T, Fukuda Y, Yokoyama H, Ogawa K. Molecular and morphological redescriptions of enteric myxozoans, Enteromyxum leei (formerly Myxidium sp. TP) and Enteromyxum fugu comb. n. (syn. Myxidium fugu) from cultured tiger puffer. Fish Pathol. 2004;39:137-43. https://doi.org/10.3147/jsfp.39.137
  33. Yanagida T, Palenzuela O, Hirae T, Tanaka S, Yokoyama H, Ogawa K. Myxosporean emaciation disease of cultured red sea bream Pagrus major and spotted knifejaw Oplegnathus punctatus. Fish Pathol. 2008;43:45-8. https://doi.org/10.3147/jsfp.43.45
  34. Yasuda H, Ooyama T, Nakamura A, Iwata K, Palenzuela O, Yokoyama H. Occurrence of the myxosporean emaciation disease caused by Enteromyxum leei in cultured Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Fish Pathol. 2005;40:175-80. https://doi.org/10.3147/jsfp.40.175