한국심리학회지 : 문화 및 사회문제 (Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue)

한국문화및사회문제심리학회 (Korean Psychological Association of Culture and Social Issues)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

한국판 남성 동성애자의 이성애불편감(Heterophobia) 척도(K-HGM)의 타당화

A Validation Study on Korean version of Heterophobia scale for Gay male

  • 김준현 (가톨릭대학교 상담심리대학원 상담학과) ;
  • 유금란 (가톨릭대학교 심리학과 )
  • 투고 : 2022.10.20
  • 심사 : 2022.12.18
  • 발행 : 2023.02.28
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

본 연구는 남성 동성애자의 이성애불편감 척도(Heterophobia Scale for Gay Male: HGM)를 한국판으로 타당화하는 목적을 가진다. 이성애불편감(heterophobia)은 성소수자가 이성애자들에 대해 가지는 거부감, 공포, 회피를 의미한다. 이성애불편감의 하위 3요인은 남성 이성애자에 대한 '불편/회피', '단절', '거절 예측'이다. 한국판 HGM을 타당화하기 위해, 문항 번역, 문항분석, 탐색적 요인분석을 실시하였다. 탐색적 요인분석은 213명의 남성 동성애자를 대상으로 실시하였고, 3요인과 13개의 문항이 도출되었다. 확인적 요인분석은 K-HGM의 적절한 적합도와 3요인 구조를 지지하였다. K-HGM의 신뢰도, 수렴 타당도, 변별 타당도, 관련 척도들과의 관계(K-SOMS, K-MISS-G, SDS-9, RS)도 적절하였다. 결과적으로 K-HGM은 한국에서 남성 동성애자를 대상으로 이성애불편감을 측정하기에 타당한 도구이다. 본 연구결과에 대해 논하며 연구 의의 및 한계점, 후속 연구의 방향에 대해 제안하였다.

The purpose of the study was to validate the Korean version of the Heterophobia Scale for Gay Male (HGM). Heterophobia refers to the rejection, fear, and avoidance that sexual minorities feel against of heterosexuals. The three subscales of HGM assesses the unease/avoidance, disconnectedness, and expected rejection fromwith heterosexual male. To validate the Korean HGM, item translation, item analysis, and exploratory factor analysis were conducted. From the Using exploratory factor analysis of the Korean version of the HGM(N=213), per 13 items, a 3-factor model consisting of 13 items wereas determined. The Cconfirmatory factor analysis supported the goodness of fit of the 3-factor structure of the K-HGM (N=153) and showed adequate model fit, K-HGM showed adequate the internal consistency, convergent validity, discriminant validity and Criterion validity was good with other related scales (K-SOMS, K-MISS-G, SDS-9, and RS). In conclusion, the K-HGM is a valid measure of heterophobia for gay male within the Korean population. Based on the findings, implications, practical use, limitations, and suggestions for future study are discussed.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. 공성욱, 오강섭, 노경선 (2002). 남성 동성애자와 남성 이성애자의 삶의 질과 정신건강 비교. 신경정신의학, 41(5), 930-941.
  2. 김수영 (2016). 구조방정식 모형의 기본과 확장 (MPLUS 예제와 함께). 서울: 학지사.
  3. 김승섭, 이호림, 이혜민, 박주영, 최보경 (2016). 2016 한국 성인 레즈비언, 게이, 양성애자 건강연구: 자살과 관련한 정신건강을 중심으로. 한국게이인권운동단체 친구사이 기초조사보고서.
  4. 김진이 (2017). 가족의 거부로 인한 성소수자의 정신건강에 관한 연구. 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제 23(4), 605-634. https://doi.org/10.20406/KJCS.2017.11.23.4.605
  5. 김청택 (2016). 탐색적 요인분석의 오.남용 문제와 교정. 조사연구, 17(1), 1-29.
  6. 김형지, 김향숙 (2018). 성적 소수자 지향성과 자살 위험성 간의 관계에 대한 체계적 고찰. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 37(2), 185-220 https://doi.org/10.22257/KJP.2018.06.37.2.185
  7. 김혜민, 유금란 (2021). LGB 내담자가 경험하는 상담자의 마이크로어그레션에 관한 개념도 연구. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 33(4), 1501-1526. https://doi.org/10.23844/KJCP.2021.11.33.4.1501
  8. 박도담, 유성경 (2019). 한국판 성적지향 마이크로어그레션 척도(Korean version of Sexual Orientation Microaggressions Scale; K-SOMS) 타당화. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 31(3), 899-927. https://doi.org/10.23844/KJCP.2019.08.31.3.899
  9. 박정은, 남궁미, 정서진 (2019). 동성애자 내담자의 상담경험에 대한 질적 연구: 여성 동성애자를 중심으로. 한국심리학회지 상담 및 심리치료, 31(4), 997-1021.
  10. 배병훈, 이동귀, 함경애 (2015). Rasch 모형을 이용한 한국판 사회적 바람직성 척도 단축형(SDS-9)의 타당화. 상담학연구, 16(6), 177-197. https://doi.org/10.15703/KJC.16.6.201512.177
  11. 신승배 (2013). 한국 동성애자의 건강관련 삶의 질에 영향을 미치는 요인. 보건사회연구, 33(1), 380-415. https://doi.org/10.15709/HSWR.2013.33.1.380
  12. 우사라, 유성경 (2017). 상담자의 동성애에 대한 부정적 태도와 동성애자 상담 유능감에 따른 임상적 판단 및 반응. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료 29(2), 311-334. https://doi.org/10.23844/KJCP.2017.05.29.2.311
  13. 우성범 (2019). 한국 남성의 남자다움은 무엇인가?: 남성성에 대한 개념도 연구. 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제, 25(3), 203-229. https://doi.org/10.20406/KJCS.2019.8.25.3.203
  14. 이가희 (2010). 한국 사회 속 여성 동성애자들의 반동성애 폭력 경험에 관한 질적 연구. 이화여자대학교 대학원 석사학위 논문.
  15. 이복동 (2000). 성인 애착과 이성관계 만족: 거부민감성과 귀인 양식의 매개효과를 중심으로. 고려대학교 대학원 석사학위 논문.
  16. 이성원, 연규진 (2020). 성소수자(LGB)의 공동체 의식과 긍정적 정체성이 정신적 웰빙에 미치는 영향: 소수자 스트레스 대처전략의 매개효과. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 32(2), 639-666. https://doi.org/10.23844/KJCP.2020.05.32.2.639
  17. 이수비, 신예림, 윤명숙 (2022). 청년의 상대적 박탈감이 자살에 미치는 영향: 미래전망과 사회적 고립의 순차적 매개효과. 한국보건사회연구원, 42(2), 369-389.
  18. 이수원 (1995). 개인주의와 집단주의를 넘어서: 문화와 인지: '타인 이해의 연구를 중심으로'에 대한 논평. 한국심리학회 세미나 자료, 1995(1), 188-195.
  19. 이순묵 (2000). 요인분석의 기초. 서울: 교육과학사.
  20. 이영선, 권보민, 이동훈 (2012). 청소년의 동성애 경험, 성의식, 동성애 혐오, 우울의 관계. 재활심리연구 19(1), 129-147.
  21. 이혜민 (2022). Gender minority stress and health among Korean transgender adults: rainbow connection project II. 고려대학교 대학원 박사학위 논문.
  22. 임민경 (2014). 남녀 동성애자의 내면화된 성적 낙인 척도 타당화 연구. 고려대학교 대학원 석사학위 논문.
  23. 임연옥, 윤현숙 (2017). 노년기 스트레스가 자살생각에 이르는 과정: 사회적 지지, 삶에 대한 통제감, 우울의 매개역할을 중심으로. 노인복지연구, 72(1), 123-149. https://doi.org/10.21194/KJGSW.72.1.201703.123
  24. 장서연, 김정혜, 김현경, 나영정, 정현희, 류민희, ... 한가람 (2014). 성적 지향.성별정체성에 따른 차별 실태조사: 2014년도 인권상황실태조사 연구용역보고서. 국가인권위원회 발간자료.
  25. 장성숙 (2002). "우리 문화에서의 상담자상." 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 14(3), 547-561.
  26. 정성조, 이나영 (2018). 보이지 않는 군인들: 한국 군대 내 동성애혐오와 성소수자 정체성. 문화와 사회, 26(3), 83-145.
  27. 표소휘, 이슬아, 장애경, 이준우, 이은비, 양은주 (2022). 국내 성소수자의 성정체성 형성에 영향을 미치는 요인에 관한 질적메타요약. 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제, 28(2), 241-272. https://doi.org/10.20406/KJCS.2022.5.28.2.241
  28. 탁진국 (2007). 심리검사 개발과 평가 방법의 이해. 서울: 학지사.
  29. 한채윤 (2013). 동성애와 동성애 혐오 사이에는 무엇이 있는가. 생명연구, 30, 15-38.
  30. Beavers, A. S., Lounsbury, J. W., Richards, J. K. , Huck, S. W., Skolits, G. J., & Esquivel, S. L. (2013). Practical considerations for using exploratory factor analysis in educational research. Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation. 18(1), 6.
  31. Bettinsoli, M. L., Suppes, A., & Napier, J. L. (2020). Predictors of attitudes toward gay men and lesbian women in 23 countries. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(5), 697-708. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550619887785
  32. Bos, H. M., Picavet, C., & Sandfort, T. G. (2012). Ethnicity, gender socialization, and children's attitudes towards gay men and lesbian women. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 43(7), 1082-1094. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022111420146
  33. Bosson, J. K., & Michniewicz, K. S. (2013). Gender dichotomization at the level of ingroup identity: What it is, and why men use it more than women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105(3), 425.
  34. Brooks T. R., Reysen. S., Shaw. J. (2017). Smashing back door in: Negative Attitudes toward Bottoms within the Gay Community. World Journal of Social Science Research 4(2).
  35. Bucher, J. (2014). "But He Can't Be Gay": The Relationship between Masculinity and Homophobia in Father-Son Relationships. The Journal of Men's Studies, 22(3), 222-237. https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.2203.222
  36. Chester M. R. (2018). Gay men's Expererience of Heterophobia: A Mixed-methods Investigation (Doctoral dissertation, The university of Texas at Austin).
  37. Connell, R. W. (2000). The men and the boys. Cambridge: Polity.
  38. Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10(1), 7.
  39. DeSouza, E. R., Wesselmann, E. D., & Ispas, D. (2017). Workplace discrimination against sexual minorities: Subtle and not-so-subtle. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 34(2), 121-132. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjas.1438
  40. Eom, Y. J., Lee, H., Kim, R., Choo, S., Yi, H., & Kim, S. S. (2022). Discrimination keeps transgender people awake at night: A nationwide cross-sectional survey of 583 transgender adults in South Korea. Sleep health, 8(6), 580-586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2022.06.012
  41. Feinstein, B. A., Goldfried, M. R., & Davila, J. (2012). The relationship between experiences of discrimination and mental health among lesbians and gay men: An examination of internalized homonegativity and rejection sensitivity as potential mechanisms. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 80(5), 917.
  42. Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Beautrais, A. L. (1999). Is sexual orientation related to mental health problems and suicidality in young people? Archives of General Psychiatry, 56(10), 876-880. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.56.10.876
  43. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
  44. Fraboni, M., & Cooper, D. (1989). Further validation of three short forms of the Marlowe-Crowne Scale of Social Desirability. Psychological Reports, 65(2), 595-600. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.65.2.595
  45. Haldeman, D. C. (2006). Queer eye on the straight guy: A case of gay male heterophobia. In M. Englar-Carlson & M. A. Stevens (Eds.), In the room with men: A casebook of therapeutic change (p. 301-317). American Psychological Association.
  46. Herek, G. M. (2004). Beyond "Homophobia": Thinking About Sexual Prejudice and Stigma in the Twenty-First Century. Sexuality Research & Social Policy: A Journal of the NSRC, 1(2), 6-24. https://doi.org/10.1525/srsp.2004.1.2.6
  47. Hudephol, A. D., Parrott, D. J., & Zeichner, A. (2010). Heterosexual men's anger in response to male homosexuality: Effects of erotic and non-erotic depictions of male-male intimacy and sexual prejudice. Journal of Homosexuality, 57(8), 1022-1038. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2010.503511
  48. Hudson-Sharp, N., & Metcalf, H. (2016, 7, 21). Inequality among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Groups in the UK: A Review of Evidence. National Institute of Economic and Social Research. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/inequality-among-lgbt-groups-in-the-uk-a-review-of-evidence
  49. Hunt, C. J., Fasoli, F., Carnaghi, A., & Cadinu, M. (2016). Masculine self-presentation and distancing from femininity in gay men: An experimental examination of the role of masculinity threat. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 17(1), 108.
  50. Jewell, L. M., & Morrison, M. A. (2012). Making sense of homonegativity: Heterosexual men and women's understanding of their own prejudice and discrimination toward gay men. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 9(4), 351-370. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2011.586098
  51. Keillor, B. D., Owens, D., & Pettijohn, C. (2001). A cross-cultural/cross national study of influencing factors and socially desirable response biases. International Journal of Market Research, 43(1), 1-19.
  52. Kline, R. B. (2005). Methodology in the social sciences. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.), New York, NY:Guilford Press.
  53. Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (Third ed.). Spring Street, NY. Guilford publications.
  54. Levant, R. F. (2011). Research in the psychology of men and masculinity using the gender role strain paradigm as a frame work. American Psychologist, 66(8), 765.
  55. Lewis, R. J., Derlega, V. J., Berndt, A., Morris, L. M., & Rose, S. (2002). An empirical analysis of stressors for gay men and lesbians. Journal of Homosexuality, 42(1), 63-88.
  56. Lingiardi, V., Baiocco, R., & Nardelli, N. (2012). Measure of internalized sexual stigma for lesbians and gay men: A new scale. Journal of Homosexuality, 59(8), 1191-1210. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2012.712850
  57. Lowe, M., Khan, R., Thanzami, V., Barzy, M., & Karmaliani, R. (2018). Attitudes toward intimate partner "honor"-based violence in India, Iran, Malaysia and Pakistan. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 10(4), 283-292. https://doi.org/10.1108/JACPR-09-2017-0324
  58. Lyons, B. H., Walters, M. L., Jack, S. P. D., Petrosky, E., Blair, J. M., & Ivey-Stephenson, A. Z. (2019). Suicides Among Lesbian and Gay Male Individuals: Findings From the National Violent Death Reporting System. American journal of preventive medicine, 56(4), 512-521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2018.11.012
  59. Madon, S. (1997). What do people believe about gay males? A study of stereotype content and strength. Sex roles, 37(9), 663-685. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02936334
  60. Maliangkay, R. (2010, 12, 3). The effeminacy of male beauty in Korea. IIAS Newsletter, 55, 6-7. Retrieved from https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/effeminacy-male-beauty-korea
  61. Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674.
  62. Meyer, I. H. (2015). Resilience in the study of minority stress and health of sexual and gender minorities. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 2(3), 209.
  63. Mitchell, R. W., Phipps, B. R., Voignier, D., Henson, C., & Ellis, A. L. (2001). Gender Related Attributions and the Gay or Lesbian Label. The Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education and Development, 40(1), 74-81. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2164-490X.2001.tb00103.x
  64. Mortel, T. F. (2008). Faking it: Social desirability response bias in self-report research. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 25, 40-48.
  65. Mulick, P. S., & Wright Jr, L. W. (2002). Examining the existence of biphobia in the heterosexual and homosexual populations. Journal of Bisexuality, 2(4), 45-64. https://doi.org/10.1300/J159v02n04_03
  66. O'Neil, J. M., Helms, B. J., Gable, R. K., David, L., & Wrightsman, L. S. (1986). Gender-Role Conflict Scale: College men's fear of femininity. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 14(5-6), 335-350. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00287583
  67. Pachankis, J. E., Goldfried, M. R., & Ramrattan, M. E. (2008). Extension of the rejection sensitivity construct to the interpersonal functioning of gay men. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(2), 306.
  68. Parent, M. C., Rochlen, A. B., & Wille, L. (2019). Precursors to heterophobia: An examination of temporal sequence among a sample of gay men. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 20(4), 647.
  69. Provence, M. M. (2016). Construction and Validation of a Self-report measure of Gay Male heterophobia. (Doctoral dissertation, The university of Texas at Austin).
  70. Provence, M. M., Parent, M. C., Rochlen, A. B., & Chester, M. R. (2019). Development of the Gay Male Heterophobia Scale. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 20(1), 44-54. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000158
  71. Provence, M. M., Rochlen, A. B., Chester, M. R., & Smith, E. R. (2014). "just one of the guys": A qualitative study of gay men's experiences in mixed sexual orientation men's groups. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 15(4), 427-436. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035026
  72. Ran, M.-S., Hall, B. J., Su, T. T., Prawira, B., Breth-Petersen, M., Li, X.-H., & Zhang, T.-M. (2021). Stigma of mental illness and cultural factors in Pacific Rim region: A systematic review. BMC psychiatry, 21(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02964-8
  73. Robinson, J. L., & Rubin, L. J. (2016). Homonegative microaggressions and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 20(1), 57-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2015.1066729
  74. Roberts, A. L., Austin, S. B., Corliss, H. L., Vandermorris, A. K., & Koenen, K. C. (2010). Pervasive trauma exposure among US sexual orientation minority adults and risk of posttraumatic stress disorder. American journal of public health, 100(12), 2433-2441. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.168971
  75. Sanchez, F. J., & Vilain, E. (2012). "Straight-Acting Gays": The relationship between masculine consciousness, anti-effeminacy, and negative gay identity. Archives Of Sexual Behavior, 41(1), 111-119.
  76. Scharer, J. L., & Taylor, M. J. (2018). Coping with sexual orientation microaggressions: Implications for psychological distress and alcohol use. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 22(3), 261-279. https://doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2017.1402842
  77. Shelton, K., & Delgado-Romero, E. A. (2013). Sexual orientation microaggressions: The experience of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer clients in psychotherapy. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1(S), 59-70. https://doi.org/10.1037/2329-0382.1.S.59
  78. Shidlo, A. (1994). Internalized homophobia: Conceptual and empirical issues in measurement. In B. Greene & G. M. Herek (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay issues, Vol. 1. Lesbian and gay psychology: Theory, research, and clinical applications (p. 176-205). Sage Publications, Inc.
  79. Sue, D. W. (2010). Microaggressions in everyday life: Race, gender, and sexual orientation. John Wiley & Sons Inc.
  80. Taywaditep, K. J. (2002). Marginalization among the marginalized: Gay men's anti-effeminacy attitudes. Journal of Homosexuality, 42(1), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v42n01_01
  81. Thepsourinthone, J., Dune, T., Liamputtong, P., & Arora, A. (2020). The Relationship between Masculinity and Internalized Homophobia amongst Australian Gay Men. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(15), 5475.
  82. Um, N., & Dong, H. K. (2019). Effects of gay-themed advertising among young heterosexual adults from US and South Korea. Social Sciences, 8(1), 17.
  83. White, S. M., & Franzini, L. R. (1999). Heteronegativism? The attitudes of gay men and lesbians toward heterosexuals. Journal of Homosexuality, 37(1), 65-79. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v37n01_05
  84. Woodford, M. R., Chonody, J. M., Kulick, A., Brennan, D. J., & Renn, K. (2015). The LGBQ Microaggressions on Campus Scale: A Scale Development and Validation Study. Journal of homosexuality, 62(12), 1660-1687. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2015.1078205
  85. Woodford, M. R., Howell, M. L., Kulick, A., & Silverschanz, P. (2013). "That's so gay": heterosexual male undergraduates and the perpetuation of sexual orientation microagressions on campus. Journal of interpersonal violence, 28(2), 416-435. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260512454719
  86. Woodford, M. R., Kulick, A., Sinco, B. R., & Hong, J. S. (2014). Contemporary heterosexism on campus and psychological distress among LGBQ students: The mediating role of self-acceptance. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84(5), 519.
  87. Wright, A. J., & Wegner, R. T. (2012). Homonegative microaggressions and their impact on LGB individuals: A measure validity study. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 6(1), 34-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538605.2012.648578
  88. Yi, H., Lee, H., Park, J., Choi, B., & Kim, S. S. (2017). Health disparities between lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults and the general population in South Korea: Rainbow Connection Project I. Epidemiology and health, 39, e2017046.