Korean Chemical Engineering Research

The Korean Institute of Chemical Engineers (한국화학공학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Investigation on Users' Perception and Certification Status and Donning of Smoke Masks

방연마스크에 대한 사용자 인식, 인증 현황 및 착용성 조사

  • Hyunwoo, Son (Department of Safety Engineering, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Yeongeun, Park (Department of Bigdata, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Eungwoo, Lee (Korea Aerospace Research Institute) ;
  • Eunji, Kim (Department of Bigdata, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Youngbo, Choi (Department of Safety Engineering, Chungbuk National University)
  • 손현우 (충북대학교 안전공학과) ;
  • 박영은 (충북대학교 빅데이터 협동과정) ;
  • 이응우 (한국항공우주연구원) ;
  • 김은지 (충북대학교 빅데이터 협동과정) ;
  • 최영보 (충북대학교 안전공학과)
  • Received : 2022.06.21
  • Accepted : 2022.07.22
  • Published : 2023.02.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Smoke masks have attracted great interests and have been supplied widely for the improvement of the safety during fire evacuation. However, there is not sufficient research on the practical utility, certification status and easy-donning about commercial smoke masks, therefore it is difficult to determine the actual usefulness of the smoke masks. In this study, we conducted a survey on users' perceptions and experiences about the smoke masks, and investigated the status of certification of 54 commercial smoke masks. We also performed donning tests and examined degrees of discomfort for 4 types of the smoke masks. Although 22% of 235 respondents had experienced the smoke masks before the test, and 23% of the respondents did not know the smoke masks, 93% of the respondents expected that the smoke masks could protect users from fire smokes and toxic gases. It was found that 41% of the commercial smoke masks did not certify according to domestic or overseas performance standards. Most certification standards have not effectively regulated maximum wearing time for the smoke masks. Only ASTM E 2952 and KFIS 024 had specific standards for the maximum wearing time of 30 s. As a result of donning tests for 4 types of smoke masks, the wearing time of the hood-type mask and self-contained smoke mask exceeded 30 s, therefore these types of smoke masks might increase the required safe evacuation time. On the other hand, it was also found that short education about the donning could reduce the wearing time by 19% and numbers of improper wearing by 89%.

화재로 인한 인명 피해를 줄이기 위해, 화재 대피용 방연마스크에 대한 관심과 보급이 증가하고 있다. 하지만 시중에 유통되는 방연마스크의 성능 인증 여부와 일반인들이 방연마스크를 적절하게 착용할 수 있는지에 관한 조사가 충분하지 않기 때문에, 방연마스크가 화재 현장에서 피난안전성을 실제로 높일 수 있는지 판단하기가 쉽지 않다. 본 연구는 방연마스크에 대한 일반 사용자의 인식 현황 및 사용 경험을 조사하고, 교육 필요성을 분석하였다. 또한 국내에서 유통 중인 방연마스크 제품들이 국내외 성능 기준에 따라 인증되고 있는지 조사하였다. 아울러 실험을 통해 방연마스크의 착용 신속성 및 활동 편의성을 평가하였다. 235명의 응답자 중 방연마스크를 실제 사용해 본 응답자는 22%에 그치고, 23%는 방연마스크를 모름에도 불구하고, 93%의 응답자는 방연마스크가 화재 피해를 줄일 수 있다고 기대했다. 국내에서 유통 중인 54개의 방연마스크 중 약 41%의 제품이 성능 인증을 받지 않은 것으로 조사 되었다. 국내외 다양한 성능 기준들 중에서 ASTM E 2952 및 KFIS 024만 방연마스크의 착용 신속성을 30초 이내로 규정하고 있다. 그런데 4가지 형태의 방연마스크를 대상으로 착용 신속성을 실험한 결과, 후드형 방연마스크와 자급식 방연마스크는 30초 이내로 착용하기 어려운 것으로 나타났다. 정화식 방연마스크에 비해 자급식 방연마스크를 착용하면, 의사소통의 어려움과 심리적/물리적 불편감을 더 많이 느끼는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 방연마스크의 착용 교육을 받은 경우, 착용 시간은 약 19%, 오착용 횟수는 약 89% 감소하여, 적절한 착용 교육과 훈련이 매우 중요하다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

Keywords

References

  1. Kim, H. Y., Yoo, Y. H. and Rie, D. H., "A Study on the Operation Plan of Evacuation Shelter to Improve Evacuation Performance of Existing Underground Subway Station," J. Korean Soc. Hazard Mitig., 17, 159-164(2017).
  2. NFA, "National Fire Agency Statistical Year Book," (2021).
  3. Kwon, S. J., Kim, H. C., Hwang, T. H. and Lee, J. M., "High-Rise Building Evacuation Simulation Based on Physical Stamina of Evacuees," J. Korean Soc. Hazard Mitig., 21, 11-18(2021).
  4. Cone, D. C., Van Gelder, C. M. and MacMillan, D., "Fireground use of an Emergency Escape Respirator," Prehospital Emerg. Care, 14, 433-438(2010). https://doi.org/10.3109/10903127.2010.493989
  5. Giebultowicz, J., Ruzycka, M., Wroczynski, P., Purser, D. A. and Stec, A. A., "Analysis of Fire Deaths in Poland and Influence of Smoke Toxicity," Forensic Sci. Int., 277, 77-87(2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.05.018
  6. Stec, A. A., "Fire Toxicity - The Elephant in the Room?," Fire Saf. J., 91, 79-90(2017).
  7. Stefanidou, M., Athanaselis, S. and Spiliopoulou, C., "Health Impacts of Fire Smoke Inhalation," Inhal. Toxicol., 20, 761-766 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1080/08958370801975311
  8. Song, J., Kwon, H., Lee, Y. and Moon, I., "A Study on Prevention of Accidents of Carbon Monoxide Leak from Gas Boilers," Korean Chem. Eng. Res., 50, 277-281(2012). https://doi.org/10.9713/kcer.2012.50.2.277
  9. Berl, W. G. and Halpin, B. M., "Human Fatalities from Unwanted Fires," Johns Hopkins APL Tech. Dig., 1, 129-134(1980).
  10. Davis, J., Sims, L., Sesek, R. F. and Gallagher, S., "Developing Empirical Donning Times for Smoke Hoods," Athens J. Technology Eng., 2, 231-240(2015).
  11. Han, W. H., "Study on Stagnation Factors Analysis and Improvement Methods through an Evacuation Experiment," Fire Sci. Eng., 32, 57-66(2018). https://doi.org/10.7731/KIFSE.2018.32.2.057
  12. Ham, E. G. and Roh, S. K., "A Study on the Design of Evacuation Route at Subway Station U sing Simulation Analysis," J. Korean Soc. Hazard Mitig., 10, 1-7(2010).
  13. Seo, D. G., Hwang, E. K., Kim, J. H. and Kim, W. H., "An Experimental Study on the Cognition of Evacuation Sign in Large Exhibition Space," Korean Soc. Hazard Mitig., 16, 29-34(2016).
  14. Mo, C. M., Kim, Y. S., Kim, B. K. and Park, Y. H., "An Experimental Evaluation on the Performance of the Fire Escape Masks," in Proceedings of KIFSE Annual Spring Conference, 77-80(2012).
  15. Seol, J. W., Chae, C. K., Lee, K. J., Moon, M. H. and Ko, J. W., "A Study on Development of Functional Recommendation for Planning Emergency Response Using Model-based Approach," Korean Chem. Eng. Res., 55, 195-200(2017).
  16. Noh, J. H. and Park, Y. H., "Evaluation on the Wear Fit and Activity of Emergency Escape Breathing Devices for Ship Accidents," Fire Sci. Eng., 33, 79-84(2019). https://doi.org/10.7731/KIFSE.2019.33.2.079
  17. ASTM E2952-14, "Standard Specification for Air-Purifying Respiratory Protective Smoke Escape Devices (RPED)," (2017).
  18. BS EN 13794, "Respiratory Protective Devices. Self-contained Closed-circuit Breathing Apparatus for Escape. Requirements, Testing, Marking," (2002).
  19. BS EN 403, "Respiratory Protective Devices for Self-rescue. Filtering Devices with Hood for Escape from Fire. Requirements, Testing, Marking," (2004).
  20. JIS M 7651, "Closed-circuit Oxygen Self Rescuers," (1996).
  21. Lee, W. J., Kwon, S. Y. and Lee, C. S., "Research on the Current Status of Installation and Awareness of Fire Extinguishers and Awareness of Fire Extinguishers," Fire Sci. Eng., 29, 26-32(2015).
  22. Lee, W. J. and Lee, C. S., "A Survey Study on the Learner's Recognition about the Descending Life Lines for the Fire Emergency Escaping Purpose," Fire Sci. Eng., 32, 73-81(2018). https://doi.org/10.7731/KIFSE.2018.32.2.073
  23. Yun, Y. J. and Park, D. J., "A Study on the Development of Assessment Index for Catastrophic Incident Warning Sign at Refinery and Pertrochemical Plants," Korean Chem. Eng. Res., 57, 637-651(2019). https://doi.org/10.9713/kcer.2019.57.5.637