Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank all the participants and all staff at Tai Chi for Health Education and Research Center.
References
- Ministry of health and Welfare. Health and welfare statistical year book 2021[Internet]. 2021 Dec[cited 2022 May 22] p.42. Available from: http://www.mohw.go.kr/upload/viewer/skin/doc.html?fn=1644827056243_20220214172418.hwp&rs=/upload/viewer/result/202208/
- Kim SH, & Han SH. Prevalence of dementia among the South Korean population. The Journal of Korean Diabetes. 2012;13(3):124-128. https://doi.org/10.4093/jkd.2012.13.3.124
- Winblad B, Palmer K, Kivipelto M, Jelic V, Fratiglioni L, Wahlund LO et al. Mild cognitive impairment-beyond controversies, towards a consensus: Report of the International Working Group on Mild Cognitive Impairment. Journal of internal medicine. 2004;256(3):240-246. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01380.x
- Zelinski EM, Gilewski MJ. A 10-item Rasch modeled memory self-efficacy scale. Aging & mental health. 2004; 8(4):293-306. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860410001709665
- Gallagher D, Fischer CE, Iaboni A. Neuropsychiatric symptoms in mild cognitive impairment: an update on prevalence, mechanisms, and clinical significance. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2017;62(3):161-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743716648296
- Brenowitz WD, Kukull WA, Beresford SA, Monsell SE, Williams EC. Social relationships and risk of incident mild cognitive impairment in US Alzheimer's disease centers. Alzheimer disease and associated disorders. 2014;28(3): 253-260. https://doi.org/10.1097/WAD.0000000000000020
- Arsland D, Engedal KA, Nygaard HA, Louhija J, Ulstein I, Holm M. Cholinesterase inhibitors in Norway-effectiveness and side effects in clinical practice. Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening: Tidsskrift for Praktisk Medicin, ny Raekke. 2003;123(11):1500-1503.
- Thomas E, Battaglia G, Patti A, Brusa J, Leonardi V, Palma A, Bellafiore M. Physical activity programs for balance and fall prevention in elderly: A systematic review. Medicine. 2019;98(27):e16218 https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000016218
- Nagamatsu LS, Handy TC, Hsu CL, Voss M, Liu-Ambrose T. Resistance training promotes cognitive and functional brain plasticity in seniors with probable mild cognitive impairment. Archives of internal medicine. 2012;172(8):666-668. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2012.379
- Guiney H, Lucas SJ, Cotter JD, Machado L. Evidence cerebral blood-flow regulation mediates exercise-cognition links in healthy young adults. Neuropsychology. 2015;29(1): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000124
- Cotman CW, Berchtold, NC. Exercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity. Trends in neurosciences. 2012;25(6):295-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-2236(02)02143-4
- Rambod M, Ghodsbin F, Moradi A. The association between body mass index and comorbidity, quality of life, and cognitive function in the elderly population. International Journal of community based Nursing and Midwifery. 2020;8(1):45-54. https://doi.org/10.30476/IJCBNM.2019.81677.0
- People's Sport Publishing Company. Tai chi chuanencyclopedia. People's Sport Publishing Company. 1992;457-465.
- Lelard T, Doutrellot PL, David P, Ahmaidi S. Effects of a 12-week Tai Chi Chuan program versus a balance training program on postural control and walking ability in older people. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 2010;91(1):9-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2009.09.014
- Li JX, Xu DQ, Hong Y. Effects of 16-week Tai Chi intervention on postural stability and proprioception of knee and ankle in older people. Age and Ageing. 2008;37(5):575-578. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afn109
- Chang JY, Tsai PF, Beck C, Hagen JL, Huff DC, Anand KJ, et al. The Effect of Tai Chi on Cognition In Elders with Cognitive Impairment. Medsurg Nursing. 2011;20(2):63-70.
- Chang, YK, Nien, YH, Tsai, CL, & Etnier, JL. Physical activity and cognition in older adults: The potential of Tai Chi Chuan. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity. 2010; 18(4):451-472. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.18.4.451
- Shan-Shan Wu, Dong-Keun Kang, Hong-Qing Ji, Jung-Jun Park. Effect of Tai Chi Exercise on Cognitive Function and Functional Fitness in Elderly Women With Dementia. Exercise Science. 2015;24(2):169-175. https://doi.org/10.15857/ksep.2015.24.2.169
- Wayne PM, Walsh JN, Taylor-Piliae RE, Wells RE, Papp KV, Donovan NJ, et al. Effect of Tai Chi on cognitive performance in older adults: Systematic review and meta- Analysis. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2014 Jan;62(1):25-39. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12611
- Yang J, Zhang L, Tang Q, Wang F, Li Y, Peng H. & Wang, S. Tai Chi is effective in delaying cognitive decline in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2020;e3620534: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3620534
- Cheng ST, Chow PK, Song YQ, Edwin CS, Chan AC, Lee TM. Mental and physical activities delay cognitive decline in older persons with dementia. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2014;22(1):63-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2013.01.060
- Song R, Park M, Jung M, Kim, H, Lee, H. Effect of a Tai Chi-Based Exercise Program on Cognitive Function Among Older Adults With Dementia. Innovation in Aging. 2020;4(1): 186-187. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.604
- Birkett MA, Day SJ. Internal pilot studies for estimating sample size. Statistics in medicine. 1994;13(23-24):2455-2463. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.4780132309
- Kim YJ, Kim CS, Park IH. Effects of aquatic exercise program on pain, flexibility, grip strength, self-care activities and helplessness in patients having osteoarthritis. Journal of Muscle and Joint Health, 2004;11(2):127-135.
- Kim HL, So HY, Song, RY. Effects of Tai Chi exercise on physical fitness, bone mineral density, and fracture risk in institutionalized elderly.Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing. 2010;17(3):334-342.
- Shumway-Cook A, Brauer S, Woollacott M. Predicting the probability for falls in community-dwelling older adults using the Timed Up & Go Test. Physical therapy. 2000;80(9): 896-903. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/80.9.896
- Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bedirian V, Charbonneau S, Whitehead V, Collin I. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2005;53(4): 695-699. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x
- Kang Y, Park J, Yu K, Lee B. A Reliability, Validity, and Normative Study of the Korean-Montreal Cognitive Assessment(K-MoCA) as an Instrument for Screening of Vascular Cognitive Impairment(VCI). Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2009;28(2):549-562. https://doi.org/10.15842/kjcp.2009.28.2.013
- Lee SH, Kang Y, Song M, Kim GH, Jeong JH. A Comparison of the Performance between the 60-and 120-Second Conditions of the Korean-Color Word Stroop Test: Color Reading (K-CWST: CR). Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders. 2021;20(4):62-69. https://doi.org/10.12779/dnd.2021.20.4.62
- Ware JE, Kosinski M, Keller SD. A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Medical care. 1996;34(3):220-233. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005650-199603000-00003
- Dean K, Jenkinson C, Wilcock G, Walker Z. The development and validation of a patient-reported quality of life measure for people with mild cognitive impairment. International psychogeriatrics, 2014;26(3):487-497. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610213002251
- Song R, Gang M, Park M, Park M, Jang M, Hwang I, et al. Validity and reliability of K-MCQ to assess quality of life of older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing. 2021;23(2):164-175. https://doi.org/10.17079/jkgn.2021.23.2.164
- Dehaene H, De Neve J, Rosseel Y. A Wilcoxon-Mann- Whitney test for latent variables. Frontiers in Psychology. 2021;12:754898. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.754898
- Huckans M, Hutson L, Twamley E, Jak A, Kaye J, Storzbach D. Efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation therapies for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in older adults: working toward a theoretical model and evidence-based interventions. Neuropsychology Review. 2013;23(1):63-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-013-9230-9
- Bherer L, Erickson K, Liu-Ambrose T. Physical exercise and brain functions in older adults. Journal of Aging Research. 2013;e197326. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/197326
- Mitchell WK, Williams J, Atherton P, Larvin M, Lund J, Narici M. Sarcopenia, dynapenia, and the impact of advancing age on human skeletal muscle size and strength; A quantitative review. Frontiers in Physiology. 2012;3:260. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2012.00260