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The Korean Society of Phycology (한국조류학회(藻類))
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Antiviral effect of fucoxanthin obtained from Sargassum siliquastrum (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

  • Nalae Kang (Jeju Bio Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST)) ;
  • Seong-Yeong Heo (Jeju Bio Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST)) ;
  • Eun-A Kim (Jeju Bio Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST)) ;
  • Seon-Heui Cha (Department of Marine Bio and Medical Sciences, Hanseo University) ;
  • Bomi Ryu (Major of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University) ;
  • Soo-Jin Heo (Jeju Bio Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST))
  • Received : 2023.09.25
  • Accepted : 2023.11.29
  • Published : 2023.12.21
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Abstract

Human coronavirus diseases, particularly severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, still remain a persistent public health issue, and many recent studies are focusing on the quest for new leads against coronaviruses. To contribute to this growing pool of knowledge and explore the available marine natural products against coronaviruses, this study investigated the antiviral effects of fucoxanthin isolated from Sargassum siliquastrum-a brown alga found on Jeju Island, South Korea. The antiviral effects of fucoxanthin were confirmed in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-infected Vero cells, and its structural characteristics were verified in silico using molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations and in vitro colorimetric method. Fucoxanthin inhibited the infection in a concentration-dependent manner, without showing cytotoxicity. Molecular docking simulations revealed that fucoxanthin binds to the angiotensinconverting enzyme 2-spike protein (binding energy -318.306 kcal mol-1) and main protease (binding energy -205.118 kcal mol-1). Moreover, molecular dynamic simulations showed that fucoxanthin remains docked to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-spike protein for 20 ns, whereas it breaks away from main protease after 3 ns. Also, the in silico prediction of the fucoxanthin was verified through the in vitro colorimetric method by inhibiting the binding between angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 and spike protein in a concentration-dependent manner. These results indicate that fucoxanthin exhibits antiviral effects against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 by blocking the entry of the virus. Therefore, fucoxanthin from S. siliquastrum can be a potential candidate for treating coronavirus infection.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This research was supported by the Korea Institute of Marine Science & Technology Promotion (KIMST), funded by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, Korea (20210466), and research grants from the Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (grant. No. PEA0126). Also, we are grateful to the Institut Pasteur Korea for assistance with in vitro experiments.

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