한국수자원학회논문집 (Journal of Korea Water Resources Association)

  • 제55권8호
  • /
  • Pages.577-588
  • /
  • 2022
  • /
  • 2799-8746(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2799-8754(eISSN)
한국수자원학회 (Korea Water Resources Association)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

주성분분석(PCA) 방법을 이용한 금강 수질의 주요 오염원 영향 평가

Evaluation of significant pollutant sources affecting water quality of the Geum River using principal component analysis

  • Legesse, Natnael Shiferaw (Department of Environmental & IT Engineering, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Kim, Jaeyoung (Department of Environmental & IT Engineering, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Seo, Dongil (Department of Environmental & IT Engineering, Chungnam National University)
  • 투고 : 2022.05.16
  • 심사 : 2022.06.15
  • 발행 : 2022.08.31
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

본 연구는 금강의 조류 성장에 대한 제한영양소와 수질에 영향을 미치는 주요 지류를 파악하고 수질개선을 위한 관리대안을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 수행되었다. 금강 대청댐 하류에 위치한 5개 수질측정소에서 약 8년간(2013~202) 환경부의 물환경정보시스템(water.nier.go.kr)과 수자원관리정보시스템(wamis.go.kr)에서 14개의 수질항목의 자료를 분석하였다. 금강의 4대강 수중보 수문 개방 시 TP(총인)와 수온은 하천 하류의 조류 성장에 큰 영향을 미친다. 본 연구에는 수질변수간의 상관관계를 규명하고 금강의 조류 성장에 영향을 미치는 중요인자를 파악하고자 하였다. 최하류에 위치한 백제보수질측정소(WQ5)에서 TP와 수온은 Chl-a와 특별히 높은 상관관계를 보여 조류 번식에 상당한 영향을 미친다는 것을 나타냈다. 또한 본 연구에서는 금강의 양대 지류인 갑천과 미호천의 주요 오염원을 식별하고 우선순위를 지정하기 위해 주성분분석(Principal Component Analysis, PCA) 방법을 이 적용하였다. PCA방법을 이용하여 갑천과 미호천의 수질에 영얗ㅇ을 미치는 3대 오염원을 각각 파악하였다. 갑천의 경우 폐수처리장과 도시·농업 오염이 주요 오염원으로, 미호천의 경우 농지, 도시, 산림이 주요 오염원으로 각각 확인되었다. PCA는 금강 및 그 지류의 수질오염원을 구체적으로 파악하는 데 효과적인 것으로 판단되어 수질관리 전략의 효율을 제고하는 데에, 활용될 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

This study aims to identify the limiting nutrient for algal growth in the Geum River and the significant pollutant sources from the tributaries affecting the water quality and to provide a management alternative for an improvement of water quality. An eight-year of daily data (2013~2020) were collected from the Water Environment Information System (water.nier.go.kr) and Water Resources Management Information System (wamis.go.kr). 14 water quality variables were analyzed at five water quality monitoring stations in the Geum River (WQ1-WQ5). In the Geum River, the water quality variables, especially Chl-a vary greatly in downstream of the river. In the open weir gate operation, TP (total phosphorus) and water temperature greatly influence the growth of algae in downstream of the river. A correlation analysis was used to identify the relationship between variables and investigate the factor affecting algal growth in the Geum River. At the downstream station (WQ5), TP and Temp have shown a strong correlation with Chl-a, indicating they significantly influence the algal bloom. The principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to identify and prioritize the major pollutant sources of the two major tributaries of the river, Gab-cheon and Miho-cheon. PCA identifies three major pollutant sources for Gab-cheon and Miho-cheon, respectively. For Gab-cheon, wastewater treatment plant, urban, and agricultural pollutions pollution are identified as significant pollutant sources. For Miho-cheon, agricultural, urban, and forest land are identified as major pollutant sources. PCA seems to be effective in identifying water pollutant sources for the Geum River and its tributaries in detail and thus can be used to develop water quality management strategies.

키워드

과제정보

This work was supported by Institute for Information & communications Technology Promotion (IITP) grant funded by the Korean government(MSIT) (No.2018-0-00219, Spacetime complex artificial intelligence blue-green algae prediction technology based on direct-readable water quality complex sensor and hyperspectral image).

참고문헌

  1. Badran, M.I. (2001). "Dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a and nutrients: Seasonal cycles in waters of the Gulf of Aquaba, Red Sea." Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, Vol. 4. No. 2, pp. 139-150. https://doi.org/10.1080/14634980127711
  2. Bzdusek, P.A., Christensen, E.R., Lee, C.M., Pakdeesusuk, U., and Freedman, D.L. (2006). "PCB congeners and dechlorination in sediments of Lake Hartwell, South Carolina, determined from cores collected in 1987 and 1998." Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 109-119. https://doi.org/10.1021/es050194o
  3. Dabrowski, J.M., and De Klerk, L. (2013). "An assessment of the impact of different land use activities on water quality in the upper Olifants River catchment." Water SA, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 231-244.
  4. Gangopadhyay, S., Das Gupta, A., and Nachabe, M. (2001). "Evaluation of ground water monitoring network by principal component analysis." Groundwater, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 181-191. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2001.tb02299.x
  5. Gupta, S., Gadi, R., Sharma, S., and Mandal, T. (2018). "Characterization and source apportionment of organic compounds in PM10 using PCA and PMF at a traffic hotspot of Delhi." Sustainable Cities and Society, Vol. 39, pp. 52-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.01.051
  6. Helena, B., Pardo, R., Vega, M., Barrado, E., Fernandez, J.M., and Fernandez, L. (2000). "Temporal evolution of groundwater composition in an alluvial aquifer (Pisuerga River, Spain) by principal component analysis." Water Research, Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 807-816. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00225-0
  7. Jones, J., McEachern, P., and Seo, D. (2009). "Empirical evidence of monsoon influences on Asian Lakes." Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 129-137. https://doi.org/10.1080/14634980902907342
  8. Kaiser, H.F. (1960). "The application of electronic computers to factor analysis." Educational and Psychological Measurement, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 141-151. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000116
  9. Kim, J., Jones, J.R., and Seo, D. (2021). "Factors affecting harmful algal bloom occurrence in a river with regulated hydrology." Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, Vol. 33, 100769.
  10. Larose, D.T. (2006). Data mining methods and models. John Wiley & Sons Inc., Hoboken, NJ, U.S.
  11. Lee, Y., Ha, S.-Y., Park, H.-K., Han, M.-S., and Shin, K.-H. (2015). "Identification of key factors influencing primary productivity in two river-type reservoirs by using principal component regression analysis." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol. 187, No. 4, 213.
  12. Marinovic Ruzdjak, A., and Ruzdjak, D. (2015). "Evaluation of river water quality variations using multivariate statistical techniques." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol. 187, No. 4, pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-4167-x
  13. Noori, R., Sabahi, M. S., Karbassi, A.R., Baghvand, A., and Zadeh, H.T. (2010). "Multivariate statistical analysis of surface water quality based on correlations and variations in the data set." Desalination, Vol. 260, No. 1-3, pp. 129-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.04.053
  14. Ouyang, Y., Nkedi-Kizza, P., Wu, Q., Shinde, D., and Huang, C. (2006). "Assessment of seasonal variations in surface water quality." Water Research, Vol. 40, No. 20, pp. 3800-3810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.08.030
  15. Parsons, S. (2004). "Digital typography by Donald E. Knuth, CSLI Publications, 685 pp., US $89.95, ISBN 1-57586-010-4 and Pioneers of modern typography revised paperback edition by Herbert Spencer, MIT Press. 158 pp., US $29.95, ISBN 0-262-69303-8." The Knowledge Engineering Review, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 181-186. doi: 10.1017/S0269888904210207
  16. Seo, D., Kim, J., and Kim, J. (2020). "Analysis of influence on water quality and harmful algal blooms due to weir gate control in the Nakdong River, Geum River, and Yeongsan River." Journal of Korea Water Resources Association, Vol. 53, No. 10, pp. 877-887. https://doi.org/10.3741/JKWRA.2020.53.10.877
  17. Seo, D., and Kim, J. (2016). "Reduction of pollutant concentrations in urban stormwater runoff by settling." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 210-218. https://doi.org/10.4491/KSEE.2016.38.4.210
  18. Seo, D.-I., and Canale, R.P. (1999). "Analysis of sediment characteristics and total phosphorus models for Shagawa Lake." Journal of Environmental Engineering, Vol. 125, No. 4, pp. 346-350. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1999)125:4(346)
  19. Seo, D.-I., Kim, M., and Ahn, J.-H. (2012). "Prediction of chlorophyll-a changes due to weir constructions in the Nakdong River using EFDC-WASP modelling." Environmental Engineering Research, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 95-102. https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2012.17.2.095
  20. Singh, K.P., Malik, A., and Sinha, S. (2005). "Water quality assessment and apportionment of pollution sources of Gomti river (India) using multivariate statistical techniques - a case study." Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 538, No. 1-2, pp. 355-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2005.02.006
  21. Soonthornnonda, P., and Christensen, E.R. (2008). "Source apportionment of pollutants and flows of combined sewer wastewater." Water Research, Vol. 42, No. 8-9, pp. 1989-1998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.11.034
  22. Thomann, R.V., and Mueller, J.A. (1987). Principles of surface water quality modeling and control. Harper & Row Publishers, NY, U.S.
  23. Vaccaro, S., Sobiecka, E., Contini, S., Locoro, G., Free, G., and Gawlik, B.M. (2007). "The application of positive matrix factorization in the analysis, characterisation and detection of contaminated soils." Chemosphere, Vol. 69, No. 7, pp. 1055-1063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.04.032
  24. Vega, M., Pardo, R., Barrado, E., and Deban, L. (1998). "Assessment of seasonal and polluting effects on the quality of river water by exploratory data analysis." Water Research, Vol. 32, No. 12, pp. 3581-3592. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00138-9
  25. Voutsa, D., Manoli, E., Samara, C., Sofoniou, M., and Stratis, I. (2001). "A study of surface water quality in Macedonia, Greece: Speciation of nitrogen and phosphorus." Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Vol. 129, No. 1, pp. 13-32. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010315608905
  26. Wang, X.-L., Lu, Y.-L., Han, J.-Y., He, G.-Z., and Wang, T.-Y. (2007). "Identification of anthropogenic influences on water quality of rivers in Taihu watershed." Journal of Environmental Sciences, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 475-481. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(07)60080-1
  27. Zeinalzadeh, K., and Rezaei, E. (2017). "Determining spatial and temporal changes of surface water quality using principal component analysis." Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, Vol. 13, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2017.07.002