Food Science of Animal Resources (한국축산식품학회지)

Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resources (한국축산식품학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Lycium barbarum Polysaccharide Inhibits Lipid Oxidation and Protein Degradation in Tan Sheep Meatballs during Frozen Storage

  • Received : 2021.12.21
  • Accepted : 2022.04.29
  • Published : 2022.07.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) on lipid oxidation and protein degradation in Tan sheep meatballs during the frozen period. The meatballs were treated with LBP at 0.01%, 0.02%, and 0.03% and stored at -18±1℃ for 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks. The effects of LBP treatment were investigated using the contents of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), texture profile (TP), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), colour, and pH values, compared with 0.02% butylated hydroxytoluene treatment and the blank control. The results showed that LBP treatment significantly decreased TBARS content compared with the control, which confirmed LBP to be a highly effective component in preventing lipid oxidation of Tan sheep meatballs during frozen storage, and protein degradation in Tan sheep meatballs had a significant inhibition effect because of TVB-N value reduction. In addition, the colour, TP and pH values of meatballs treated with LBP were improved dramatically. To further determine the quality changes of the blank control and all treated groups during storage, the comprehensive score evaluation equation based on principal component analysis was obtained: Y=0.51632Y1+0.29589Y2 (cumulative contribution rate=81.221%), and the 0.02% LBP-treated group had a higher comprehensive score than the other groups, and the quality of LBP-treated meatballs was better as well. In summary, LBP may reduce or inhibit lipid oxidation and protein degradation, and enhance overall quality and shelf-life in prepared meat products.

Keywords

Introduction

With people’s life rhythm getting quickly, people have become accustomed to enjoying instant food and prepared products. In recent years, the meatballs processed with rice, flour, vegetables, spices, seasonings, and other additives (Zhou, 2008) have become increasingly popular globally due to their unique flavour, nutritional balance, posh packaging, and convenient consumption (Oz and Cakmak, 2016). However, some deteriorations in quality and nutritional value of prepared meat products may occur during processing, storing, and transporting, including colour and flavour changes, juice loss, lipid and protein oxidization caused by microbial growth and their physicochemical reactions, which reduce consumer acceptance as well as sensory scores of prepared meat products.

Among them, the main reason for degradation in meat products is lipid oxidation and protein degradation, result in texture variation, formation of unpleasant tastes and odours, and unhealthy substances (Jia et al., 2012). At present, oxidative reactions of prepared meat products are restrained and delayed by adding synthetic and natural antioxidants (Cömert and Gökmen, 2018). However, the requirement for natural antioxidants has been augmented gradually by reason of their safety and health characteristics (Kumar et al., 2015). Natural antioxidants are extracted from roots, leaves, stems, fruits, seeds, and peels of different plant parts (Guo et al., 2016; Jeddou et al., 2016; Kazemi et al., 2016). Thus, it is necessary to develop a new natural antioxidant to prolong shelf life and enhance qualities in prepared meat products.

Gouqi or Chinese wolfberry, Lycium barbarum L., has been generally planted in Northwest China over 2, 000 years (Lu et al., 2019). It contains an abundance of active compounds, such as carotenoids, polysaccharides, organic acids, flavonoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, and fruit pigments (Zhou et al., 2017). In fact, L. barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) serves as the key bioactive substance of L. barbarum and has a high antioxidation activity among these constituents (Xia et al., 2019). Furthermore, LBP can enhance immune system function, prevent chronic diseases, and exhibit hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects (Amagase and Farnsworth, 2011; Fiedor and Burda, 2014; Zhao et al., 2015).

Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the effectiveness of LBP on lipid oxidation and protein degradation in Tan sheep meatballs during frozen storage. The findings may provide theoretical guidance for natural antioxidant applications in prepared meat products.

Materials and Methods

Preparation of materials

Tan mutton was obtained from Xinhai Food Limited Company in Yanchi, Ningxia, China. Other excipients were bought from a local market, such as carrots, salt, and garlic, for example. The LBP standard substance (ultra value=80%) was purchased from Xi’an Shengqing Biotechnology Limited Company in Shaanxi, China.

The steps for making meatballs were as follows: First, the fresh Tan mutton was washed and connective tissues were removed. Second, the meat was minced and mixed with LBP at 0.01%, 0.02%, and 0.03%, 0.02% butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and other excipients (Table 1). Third, the meat was soused at 4±1℃ for 20 h after mixing. Then, meatballs were made by using a forming machine in an approximate shape. Finally, the meatballs were precooked at 60±1℃ for 10 min, boiled at 90±1℃ for 10 min, and then stored at –18±1℃ after cooling. The contents of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), colour, texture profile (TP), and pH values were determined for comparing the effects of LBP treatment with 0.02% BHT treatment and the blank control at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks.

Table 1. The compositions of meatballs

Mass fraction of excipients was calculated according the quality of Tan mutton. 

Sensory analysis

The five men and five women who are trained in food science were selected for sensory analysis of meatballs. The meatballs were evaluated from five aspects: Colour, shape, tissue, odour, and impurities. The highest score for meatballs were ten. The analysis of sensory was evaluated according to criterion for sensory evaluation of meat and meat products of the China National Standard and the IRB number is GB/T 22210-2008.

Analysis of colour measurement

The colour of meatballs was analyzed (Ding et al., 2015) by using a Minolta Chromameter (CM-2300d, Konica Minolta, Tokyo, Japan). The colour was measured at three separate locations of the each sample, and each measurement consisted of 3 readings. The average values of triplicate measurements of L*, a*, and b* were calculated.

Analysis of texture profile

The TP of the meatballs was obtained using a texture analyser (TA.XT Plus, Stable Micro System, Godalming, UK) with P35 detector, 60% strain and 5 s residence time. The pre-test, mid-test, and post-test velocities were 5 mm/s, 3 mm/s, and 5 mm/s, respectively (Yu et al., 2021). All analyses were carried out in triplicate for each meatball.

Determination of pH

The pH value of the meatballs was determined (Al-Juhaimi et al., 2016) with a Meat digital pH metre (Testo 205, Merck KGaA, Shanghai, China). The means of three replicates were calculated for each treatment.

Determination of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)

TBARS was measured based on the China National Standard (2017). The 5 g meatballs were weighed and minced. Then, the samples were homogenized and filtered after adding butyl alcohol. Five millilitres of sample fluid were blended with 5 mL thiobarbituric acid, and then the mixture was reacted in a water bath at 95±1℃ for 2 h. The absorbance values at 530 nm were measured in a spectrophotometer (UC1902PC, Lengguang Technology, Shanghai, China) after cooling at room temperature. The TBARS was obtained according to the following equation:

TBARS (mgMDA/Kg)=[50×(𝐴−𝐵)]/𝑚       (1)

When the absorbance of the reagent blank was lower than 0.05, the equation was as follows:

TBARS (𝑚𝑔𝑀𝐷𝐴/𝐾𝑔)=(50×𝐴)/𝑚       (2)

Where A=absorbance of the sample solution, B=absorbance of the reagent blank, and m=weight (mg) of sample.

Determination of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N)

TVB-N content was measured by the China National Standard (2016a). Briefly, 20 g meatballs were minced, homogenized and filtered after adding distilled water. Then, 1 mL boric acid and 1 droplet compound indicator were added into the inter diffuser, while 1 mL sample fluid and 1 mL saturated potassium carbonate solution were mixed into the outer diffuser. Then, the diffuser was placed in an electrothermal incubator at 37±1℃ for 2 h. The final sample fluid was titrated with hydrochloric acid after cooling at room temperature. At the same time, a reagent blank experiment was conducted (Goulas and Kontominas, 2007). The equation as follows:

TVB−N (mg/100 g)={[(𝑉1−𝑉2)×𝑐×14]/𝑚×(𝑉/𝑉0)}×100      (3)

Where V1=volume (mL) of hydrochloric acid consumed by test solution; V2=volume (mL) of hydrochloric acid consumed by reagent blank; c is the concentration (mol/L) of hydrochloric acid; m is the weight (g) of sample; V=volume (1 mL) of filtrate; and V0=volume (1 mL) of sample solution.

Statistical analysis

Data was expressed as the means±SDs and calculated with Microsoft Office Excel 2018 software. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 24.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) and statistical significance was defined as two-sided p<0.05. The principal component analysis (PCA) of the main quality indicators of meatballs during storage also used the SPSS.

Results and Discussion

Sensory evaluation of meatballs

As shown in Table 2, the sensory qualities of meatballs were affected by: soy protein isolate>carrageenan gel>pentasodium triphosphate>carrots puree. The best composition of the Tan sheep meatballs was: A3B2C1D2.

Table 2. Orthogonal experimental results of the excipients of meatballs

A is soy protein isolate; B is carrageenan gel; C is pentasodium triphosphate; D is carrots puree; K1, K2, and K3 both are sum; k1, k2, and k3 both are range; R is variance.

Effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) treatment on colour of meatballs

As shown in Table 3, the a* values of each group gradually decreased with increasing storage time (p<0.05). LBP may retard the oxidation of myoglobin and the formation of metmyoglobin by delaying lipid oxidation, preventing meatballs from discolouration. Otherwise, the discolouration of meatballs was caused by nonenzymatic browning reactions between lipid oxidation products and amines in meat (Xia et al., 2009). Gantner et al. (2018) reported that the polyphenols contained in Salvia officinalis L. extract might be compressed to form darkened meat, which brought about an intense colour of meat and the low a* values.

Table 3. Effect of LBP treatment on colour of meatballs during frozen storage

Values are means of triplicate samples (means±SD).

a–c Means with different letters at different storage time of the same treated group were different significantly (p<0.05).

LBP, Lycium barbarum polysaccharide; BHT, butylated hydroxytoluene.

Overall, the LBP-treated meatballs had fine colour stabilization at 12 weeks compared with the control in Table 3 (p<0.05). The a* values with 0.01%, 0.02%, and 0.03% LBP at 0 week were 14.940, 15.500, and 14.443, respectively; the a* values of 0.01%, 0.02%, and 0.03% LBP at 12 weeks were 11.517, 12.437, and 12.990, respectively. Simultaneously, the value of the control colour a* at 12 weeks was 13.333. Additionally, the a* values of all LBP-treated groups gradually decreased during storage (p<0.05) compared with the control. The reason for these results might be the addition of LBP in meatballs and in accordance with Cağlar et al. (2018). However, there were no significant correlations (p>0.05) in the L* and b* values among all treated groups. Jayawardana et al. (2015) did not observe L* and b* values in chicken sausage by treatment with Moringa leaves, and these outcomes were entirely consistent with our study.

Effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) treatment on the texture profile of meatballs

As shown in Table 4, the springiness of meatballs was higher in the LBP-treated groups than that in the control at the end of week 12 (p<0.05). Moreover, hardness is among the most fundamental textural characteristic in meatballs. There were no significant differences among all groups for hardness during storage (p>0.05). Li et al. (2013) found that tea polyphenols and grape seed extract having abundant polyphenolic compounds, could extend shelf life and improve the textural attributes of red drum. The gumminess and chewiness of LBP-treated groups were dramatically increased during frozen storage compared with the control group (p<0.05). In summary, the rate and extent of pH decline might influence the changes of texture parameters, degradation of myofibrillar protein, and softening of the musculature (Li et al., 2012).

Table 4. Effect of LBP treatment on TP of meatballs during frozen storage

Values are means of triplicate samples (means±SD).

a–d Means with different letters at different storage time of the same treated group were different significantly (p<0.05).

LBP, Lycium barbarum polysaccharide; TP, texture profile; BHT, butylated hydroxytoluene.

Effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) treatment on the pH value of meatballs

pH is one of the critical indicators for real-time monitoring of freshness for chilled meat (Chang et al., 2019). As shown in Table 5, the pH values of the BHT- and LBP-treated groups before the 3rd week decreased significantly with increasing storage time (p<0.05). Reduction in pH could be related to the accumulation of acidic substances during storage (Al-Juhaimi et al., 2017). However, pH values gradually increased (p<0.05) from 3 to 12 weeks in all groups, of which LBP-treated groups were more stable than the control and BHT-treated groups. pH increase might be related to the activities of corruption bacteria and endogenous enzyme.

Table 5. Effect of LBP treatment on pH value of meatballs during frozen storage

Values are means of triplicate samples (means±SD).

a–d Means with different letters at different storage time of the same treated group were different significantly (p<0.05).

LBP, Lycium barbarum polysaccharide; BHT, butylated hydroxytoluene.

Effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) treatment on the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) of meatballs

TBARS accumulated during frozen storage (Fig. 1). TBARS contents were lower in the LBP-treated groups than in the control group. The increases of TBARS contents were slight in the antioxidant-treated groups (p<0.05), while a more rapid increase was obtained from the control group, followed by the 0.02% BHT-, 0.01% LBP-, 0.02% LBP-, and 0.03% LBP- treated groups, which reached their respective maximum values at the end of storage. The increase of TBARS contents might be put down to the denatured structure of the muscles during the storage (Cao et al., 2013). These appreciable results showed that LBP presented stable in lipid oxidation of meatballs compared with the control (Al-Juhaimi et al., 2018). However, the TBARS contents decreased in the 0.03% LBP-treated group from 3 to 6 weeks and in the control from 9 to 12 weeks (p<0.05). Pereira de Abreu et al. (2011) also found that in Atlantic halibut samples, the TBARS values increased slightly until reaching a maximum value and then decreased slowly. The TBARS content could be degraded or interacted with other components, leading to the reduction of its content (Pereira de Abreu et al., 2010).

Fig. 1. Effect of LBP treatment on level of TBARS of meatballs during frozen storage. Error bars refer to the SDs obtained from triplicate sample analysis. BHT, butylated hydroxytoluene; LBP, Lycium barbarum polysaccharide; MDA, malondialdehyde; TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances.

Freezing alone could not prevent the process of deterioration in meat products. The LBP on lipid oxidation might obtain the retardant effect due to its phenolic and other compounds, which contributed to the activities of antioxidants (Qin et al., 2013) and chelate metal ions (Nishad et al., 2018). Moreover, phenolic antioxidants may prevent the formation of free radicals, which account for the reaction or absorption of oxygen in the autoxidation process (Turgut et al., 2017).

Thus, LBP shows antioxidant activity by blocking radical chain reactions during the oxidation process and may be used as antioxidant to make meat and meat products against lipid oxidation (Morsy et al., 2018). In addition, TBARS slowly accumulated with the increasing of storage time, and the structural and functional changes of these proteins may be caused by their associated lipid oxidation products (Xiong et al., 2015).

Effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) treatment on the level of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB- N) of meatballs

Protein degradation is one of the major causes of meat quality deterioration in addition to lipid oxidation. According to the China National Standard (2016b), the upper tolerable limit of TVB-N in fresh and frozen livestock products is 15 mg/100 g. The TVB-N values increased (p<0.05) from 0.200 to 36.890 mg/100 g and 0.070–28.556 mg/100 g in the control and each treated group, respectively (Fig. 2). The formation of TVB-N is due to the enzymatic decarboxylation of specific amino acids (Balamatsia et al., 2007). Similarly, Guan et al. (2019) found that inhibition of fishy odour by extracts from sage leaves, oregano leaves and grape seeds (SOG) was directly associated with reducing TBARS content and TVB-N value, suggesting the potential advantages for SOG in retarding fishy odour formation and improving flavour of hairtail fish balls during storage. Consequently, the effect of phenolic compounds against protein oxidation was also correlated with their interactions with proteins, which might protect proteins from attracting free radicals (Viljanen et al., 2004).

Fig. 2. Effect of LBP treatment on level of TVB-N of meatballs during frozen storage. Error bars refer to the SDs obtained from triplicate sample analysis. BHT, butylated hydroxytoluene; LBP, Lycium barbarum polysaccharide; TVB-N, total volatile basic nitrogen.

Lipid oxidation and protein degradation are catalyzed by the same compounds, which can progress independently or in parallel. Moreover, radicals, hydroperoxides and secondary oxidative compounds react with protein owing to lipid oxidation, thereby resulting in the destruction of protein functionality (Sabeena Farvin et al., 2012). Therefore, lipid oxidation and protein degradation can interact.

The principal component analysis (PCA) of the main quality indicators of meatballs

To further determine the quality changes of the control and all treated groups during frozen storage, the pH value, a* value, springiness, TBARS value and TVB-N content were used as the main quality indices of the meatballs, and PCA was conducted. According to the idea of PCA dimensionality reduction, the change in the sum of the five main quality indicators of meatballs during frozen storage was divided into principal components, and the characteristic value of each principal component reflects the amount of original variable information. As shown in Table 6, the first two principal components were extracted by PCA, with eigenvalues greater than 1.000 and a cumulative contribution rate of 81.221%. Based on the load matrix and eigenvalues, the eigenvectors of each PCA1 and PCA2 were calculated, as shown in Table 7. The coefficients of two principal component linear equations were established by eigenvectors. The equations were as follows:

Table 6. The contribution rate and eigenvalues of each principal component

Table 7. The load matrix and eigenvectors of each principal component

a*, the redness value of colour.

PCA, principal component analysis; TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TVB-N, total volatile basic nitrogen.

PCA1: Y1 = 0.345X1 – 0.308X2 – 0.352X3 + 0.568X4 + 0.583X5       (4)

PCA2: Y2 = 0.556X1 + 0.636X2 – 0.483X3 – 0.217X4 – 0.073X5       (5)

where Xi is standardized data, i = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

Based on the variance contribution rate of the first two principal components as coefficients, the comprehensive score evaluation equation was obtained: Y=0.51632Y1+0.29589Y2. As shown in Fig. 3, the measured values of the five main quality indicators of each group were standardized and substituted into the above equation to calculate the comprehensive score Y. The results showed that the 0.02% LBP-treated group had a higher comprehensive score than the other groups, and the quality of the LBP-treated meatballs was better as well.

Fig. 3. The comprehensive score of meatballs during frozen storage. BHT, butylated hydroxytoluene; LBP, Lycium barbarum polysaccharide.

Conclusion

In conclusion, lipid oxidation and protein degradation have a significant effect on the progress of oxidative reactions in Tan sheep meatballs. The results confirmed LBP to be a highly effective antioxidant in Tan sheep meatballs. It reduced TBARS contents, TVB-N values, and obtained stable colour, TP and pH during frozen storage (p<0.05). Finally, the 0.02% LBP- treated group had a higher comprehensive score than the other groups, and the quality of LBP-treated meatballs was better as well. In a word, LBP as a natural antioxidant may have great potential to inhibit lipid oxidation and protein degradation in prepared meat products in the future.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project for Overseas Students in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in 2020 and the Leading Talent Project of Science and Technology Innovation in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in 2020 (Grant No. 2020GKLRLX05) for providing funds support of this research.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: Yu JY, Liu GS. Data curation: Yu JY. Formal analysis: Yu JY. Methodology: Yu JY. Software: Yu JY. Validation: Yu JY. Investigation: Yu JY, Liu GS. Writing-original draft: Yu JY. Writing-review & editing: Yu JY, Guo M, Liu GS, Zhang JJ, Fan NY, Li XR, Sun YR, Yuan JT, Huang R.

Ethics Approval

The analysis of sensory was evaluated according to criterion for sensory evaluation of meat and meat products of the China National Standard and the IRB number is GB/T 22210-2008.

References

  1. Al-Juhaimi F, Adiamo OQ, Alsawmahi ON, Gahfoor K, Islam Sarker MZ, Mohamed Ahmed IA, Babiker EE. 2016. Effect of pistachio seed hull extracts on quality attributes of chicken burger. CyTA J Food 15:9-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/19476337.2016.1193057
  2. Al-Juhaimi FY, Mohamed Ahmed IA, Adiamo OQ, Adisa AR, Ghafoor K, Ozcan MM, Babiker EE. 2017. Effect of Argel (Solenostemma argel) leaf powder on the quality attributes of camel patties during cold storage. J Food Process Preserv 42:e13496. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.13496
  3. Al-Juhaimi FY, Shahzad SA, Ahmed AS, Adiamo OQ, Mohamed Ahmed IA, Alsawmahi ON, Ghafoor K, Babiker EE. 2018. Effect of Argel (Solenostemma argel) leaf extract on quality attributes of chicken meatballs during cold storage. J Food Sci Technol 55:1797-1805. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-018-3094-1
  4. Amagase H, Farnsworth NR. 2011. A review of botanical characteristics, phytochemistry, clinical relevance in efficacy and safety of Lycium barbarum fruit (Goji). Food Res Int 44:1702-1717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2011.03.027
  5. Balamatsia CC, Patsias A, Kontominas MG, Savvaidis IN. 2007. Possible role of volatile amines as quality-indicating metabolites in modified atmosphere-packaged chicken fillets: Correlation with microbiological and sensory attributes. Food Chem 104:1622-1628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.03.013
  6. Caglar MY, Veli G, Tomar O, Akarca G. 2018. Determination of the effect of different ground mustard seeds on quality characteristics of meatballs. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 38:530-543. https://doi.org/10.5851/KOSFA.2018.38.3.530
  7. Cao Y, Gu W, Zhang J, Chu Y, Ye X, Hu Y, Chen J. 2013. Effects of chitosan, aqueous extract of ginger, onion and garlic on quality and shelf life of stewed-pork during refrigerated storage. Food Chem 141:1655-1660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.084
  8. Chang W, Liu F, Sharif HR, Huang Z, Douglas Goff H, Zhong F. 2019. Preparation of chitosan films by neutralization for improving their preservation effects on chilled meat. Food Hydrocoll 90:50-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.09.026
  9. China National Standards. 2016a. Determination of total volatile base nitrogen in food. GB5009.228-2016. General Administration of Quality Supervision, The People's Republic of China and National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China.
  10. China National Standards. 2016b. Fresh and frozen livestock products. GB2707-2016. Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China and Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China, State Food and Drug Administration General Administration, Beijing, China.
  11. China National Standards. 2017. Animal and vegetable fats and oils-Determination of 2-thiobarbituric acid value-Direct method. GB/T35252-2017. General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China and Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China.
  12. Comert ED, Gokmen V. 2018. Evolution of food antioxidants as a core topic of food science for a century. Food Res Int 105:76-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.10.056
  13. Ding Y, Wang SY, Yang DJ, Chang MH, Chen YC. 2015. Alleviative effects of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) flower on lipid peroxidation and protein degradation in emulsified pork meatballs. J Food Drug Anal 23:501-508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2015.02.004
  14. Fiedor J, Burda K. 2014. Potential role of carotenoids as antioxidants in human health and disease. Nutrients 6:466-488. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6020466
  15. Gantner M, Brodowska M, Gorska-Horczyczak E, Wojtasik-Kalinowska I, Najda A, Pogorzelska E, Godziszewska J. 2018. Antioxidant effect of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) extract on turkey meatballs packed in cold modified atmosphere. CyTA J Food 16:628-636. https://doi.org/10.1080/19476337.2018.1426632
  16. Goulas AE, Kontominas MG. 2007. Combined effect of light salting, modified atmosphere packaging and oregano essential oil on the shelf-life of sea bream (Sparus aurata): Biochemical and sensory attributes. Food Chem 100:287-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.09.045
  17. Guan W, Ren X, Li Y, Mao L. 2019. The beneficial effects of grape seed, sage and oregano extracts on the quality and volatile flavor component of hairtail fish balls during cold storage at 4℃. LWT-Food Sci Technol 101:25-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2018.11.024
  18. Guo Q, Gao S, Sun Y, Gao Y, Wang X, Zhang Z. 2016. Antioxidant efficacy of rosemary ethanol extract in palm oil during frying and accelerated storage. Ind Crops Prod 94:82-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.08.032
  19. Jayawardana BC, Liyanage R, Lalantha N, Iddamalgoda S, Weththasinghe P. 2015. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of drumstick (Moringa oleifera) leaves in herbal chicken sausages. LWT-Food Sci Technol 64:1204-1208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2015.07.028
  20. Jeddou KB, Chaari F, Maktouf S, Nouri-Ellouz O, Helbert CB, Ghorbel RE. 2016. Structural, functional, and antioxidant properties of water-soluble polysaccharides from potatoes peels. Food Chem 205:97-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.02.108
  21. Jia N, Kong B, Liu Q, Diao X, Xia X. 2012. Antioxidant activity of black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) extract and its inhibitory effect on lipid and protein oxidation of pork patties during chilled storage. Meat Sci 91:533-539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.03.010
  22. Kazemi M, Karim R, Mirhosseini H, Abdul Hamid A. 2016. Optimization of pulsed ultrasound-assisted technique for extraction of phenolics from pomegranate peel of Malas variety: Punicalagin and hydroxybenzoic acids. Food Chem 206:156-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.017
  23. Kumar Y, Yadav DN, Ahmad T, Narsaiah K. 2015. Recent trends in the use of natural antioxidants for meat and meat products. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 14:796-812. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12156
  24. Li T, Hu W, Li J, Zhang X, Zhu J, Li X. 2012. Coating effects of tea polyphenol and rosemary extract combined with chitosan on the storage quality of large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea). Food Control 25:101-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.10.029
  25. Li T, Li J, Hu W, Li X. 2013. Quality enhancement in refrigerated red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) fillets using chitosan coatings containing natural preservatives. Food Chem 138:821-826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.092
  26. Lu Y, Guo S, Zhang F, Yan H, Qian DW, Wang HQ, Jin L, Duan AJ. 2019. Comparison of functional components and antioxidant activity of Lycium barbarum L. fruits from different regions in China. Molecules 24:2228. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24122228
  27. Morsy MK, Mekawi E, Elsabagh R. 2018. Impact of pomegranate peel nanoparticles on quality attributes of meatballs during refrigerated storage. LWT-Food Sci Technol 89:489-495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2017.11.022
  28. Nishad J, Koley TK, Varghese E, Kaur C. 2018. Synergistic effects of nutmeg and citrus peel extracts in imparting oxidative stability in meat balls. Food Res Int 106:1026-1036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.01.075
  29. Oz F, Cakmak IH. 2016. The effects of conjugated linoleic acid usage in meatball production on the formation of heterocyclic aromatic amines. LWT-Food Sci Technol 65:1031-1037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2015.09.040
  30. Pereira de Abreu DA, Paseiro Losada P, Maroto J, Cruz JM. 2010. Evaluation of the effectiveness of a new active packaging film containing natural antioxidants (from barley husks) that retard lipid damage in frozen Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Food Res Int 43:1277-1282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2010.03.019
  31. Pereira de Abreu DA, Paseiro Losada P, Maroto J, Cruz JM. 2011. Lipid damage during frozen storage of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) in active packaging film containing antioxidants. Food Chem 126:315-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.10.048
  32. Qin YY, Zhang ZH, Li L, Xiong W, Shi JY, Zhao TR, Fan J. 2013. Antioxidant effect of pomegranate rind powder extract, pomegranate juice, and pomegranate seed powder extract as antioxidants in raw ground pork meat. Food Sci Biotechnol 22:1063-1069. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-013-0184-8
  33. Sabeena Farvin KH, Grejsen HD, Jacobsen C. 2012. Potato peel extract as a natural antioxidant in chilled storage of minced horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus): Effect on lipid and protein oxidation. Food Chem 131:843-851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.09.056
  34. Turgut SS, Isikci F, Soyer A. 2017. Antioxidant activity of pomegranate peel extract on lipid and protein oxidation in beef meatballs during frozen storage. Meat Sci 129:111-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.02.019
  35. Viljanen K, Kivikari R, Heinonen M. 2004. Protein-lipid interactions during liposome oxidation with added anthocyanin and other phenolic compounds. J Agric Food Chem 52:1104-1111. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf034785e
  36. Xia H, Tang H, Wang F, Yang X, Wang Z, Liu H, Pan D, Yang C, Wang S, Sun G. 2019. An untargeted metabolomics approach reveals further insights of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides in high fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Food Res Int 116:20-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.12.043
  37. Xia X, Kong B, Liu Q, Liu J. 2009. Physicochemical change and protein oxidation in porcine Longissimus dorsi as influenced by different freeze-thaw cycles. Meat Sci 83:239-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.05.003
  38. Xiong Z, Sun DW, Pu H, Xie A, Han Z, Luo M. 2015. Non-destructive prediction of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value for freshness evaluation of chicken meat using hyperspectral imaging. Food Chem 179:175-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.01.116
  39. Yu J, Liu G, Zhang J, Zhang C, Fan N, Xu Y, Guo J, Yuan J. 2021. Correlation among serum biochemical indices and slaughter traits, texture characteristics and water-holding capacity of Tan sheep. Ital J Anim Sci 20:1781-1790. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2021.1943014
  40. Zhao R, Jin R, Chen Y, Han F. 2015. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide in diabetic rats. Chin Herb Med 7:310-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1674-6384(15)60057-0
  41. Zhou GH. 2008. Meat science and technology. China Agriculture Press, Beijing, China. pp 3-5.
  42. Zhou ZQ, Xiao J, Fan HX, Yu Y, He RR, Feng XL, Kurihara H, So KF, Yao XS, Gao H. 2017. Polyphenols from wolfberry and their bioactivities. Food Chem 214:644-654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.105