DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Technical Considerations of Effective Direct Cortical and Subcortical Stimulation

효과적인 대뇌 직접피질자극 검사 및 피질하자극 검사의 술기에 관한 기술적 고찰

  • Lim, Sung Hyuk (Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center) ;
  • Jang, Min Hwan (Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center)
  • 임성혁 (삼성서울병원 뇌신경센터 신경과) ;
  • 장민환 (삼성서울병원 뇌신경센터 신경과)
  • Received : 2022.04.29
  • Accepted : 2022.05.24
  • Published : 2022.06.30

Abstract

The purpose of the direct cortical and subcortical stimulation technique is to prevent false positives caused by transcranial electrical motor evoked potentials (TceMEP) in surgery on patients with brain tumors that have occurred around the motor cortex and to preserve the correct mapping of motor areas during surgery and the corticospinal tract. In addition, it reduces the trial and error that occurs during the intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (INM) process and minimizes the test time, so that accurate information is communicated to the surgeon with quick feedback on the test results. The most important factors of this technique are, first, examination at a stimulus threshold of a certain intensity, and second, maintaining anesthesia depth at an appropriate level to prevent false positives from occurring during surgery. The third is the installation of a multi-level channel recording electrode on the opposite side of the area of operation to measure the TceMEP waveform and the response to direct cortical and subcortical stimulation in as many muscles as possible. If these conditions are maintained, it is possible to predict causes that may occur in other factors, not false positives, from the INM test.

본 술기의 목적은 운동피질 주변에 발생한 뇌종양 환자의 수술에서 TceMEP로 인해 발생하는 위양성을 방지하고 수술 중 운동영역의 정확한 매핑과 피질척수로 보존하기 위함이다. 또한 검사과정에서 발생하는 시행착오를 줄이고 검사시간을 최소화하여 검사결과에 대한 빠른 피드백으로 수술하는 의사에게 정확한 정보를 전달함에 있다. 본 술기의 가장 중요한 요소는 첫번째로 일정 세기의 자극역치로 검사해야 하는 것과 두번째로는 일정 수준의 마취농도를 적정 수준으로 유지하는 것이 수술 중 발생하는 위양성을 막는 기본적이 요소이다. 세번째로는 수술하는 반대쪽 부위에 다중 채널을 이용한 기록전극의 설치로 최대한 많은 근육에서 TceMEP파형과 집접피질자극 및 직접피질하 자극에 대한 반응을 측정하는 것이다. 이런 조건들이 수술이 진행되는 동안 원활하게 유지된다면 검사에서 오는 위양성이 아닌 그 밖의 요인들에서 발생할 수 있는 원인들을 예측할 수 있다.

Keywords

References

  1. Owen JH, Bridwell KH, Grub R, Jenny A, Allen B, Padberg AM, et al. The clinical application of neurogenic motor evoked potentials to monitor spinal cord function during surgery. Spine. 1991;16:S391. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199108001-00016
  2. Modi HN, Suh SW, Yang JH, Yoon JY. False-negative transcranial motor-evoked potentials during scoliosis surgery causing paralysis. Spine. 2009;34:E896-900. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181b40d4f
  3. Lim SH, Park SK, Kim DJ, Baek JS, Park CW. Usefulness of direct cortical stimulation during intraoperative monitoring in patients with brain tumor near motor cortex: case report. Korean J Clin Lab Sci. 2018;50:211-215. https://doi.org/10.15324/kjcls.2018.50.2.211
  4. Duffau H. Intraoperative direct subcortical stimulation for identification of the internal capsule, combined with an image-guided stereotactic system during surgery for basal ganglia lesions. Surg Neurol. 2000;53:250-254. http://doi.org/10.1016/s0090-3019(00)00183-x
  5. Gomez-Tames J, Kutsuna T, Muragaki Y, Hirata A. Intraoperative direct subcortical stimulation: comparison of monopolar and bipolar stimulation. Phys Med Biol. 2018;63:225013. http://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/aaea06
  6. Kim KW, Cho C, Bang MS, Shin HI, Phi JH, Kim SK. Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring: A review of techniques used for brain tumor surgery in children. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2018;61:363-375. https://doi.org/10.3340/jkns.2018.0078
  7. Seo HG. Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring for supratentorial brain tumor surgery. J Intraoper Neurophysiol. 2020;2:73-78. http://doi.org/10.33523/join.2020.2.2.73
  8. Tamkus AA, Rice KS. Differential rates of false-positive findings in transcranial electric motor evoked potential monitoring when using inhalational anesthesia versus total intravenous anesthesia during spine surgeries. Spine J. 2014;14:1440-1446. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2013.08.037
  9. Ali HH, Utting JE, Gray TC. Quantitative assessment of residual antidepolarizing block. I. Br J Anaesth. 1971;43:473-477. https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/43.5.473
  10. Shiban E, Krieg SM, Haller B, Buchmann N, Obermueller T, Boeckh-Behrens T, et al. Intraoperative subcortical motor evoked potential stimulation: how close is the corticospinal tract? J Neurosurg. 2015;123:711-20. http://doi.org/10.3171/2014.10.JNS141289
  11. Leote J, Silva M, Morgado S, Gradil C, Candeias M, Pescador A. Subcortical mapping of the corticospinal tract with anodal current. J Intraoper Neurophysiol. 2021;3:123-127. https://doi.org/10.33523/join.2021.3.2.123