유통과학연구 (Journal of Distribution Science)

  • 제20권6호
  • /
  • Pages.21-32
  • /
  • 2022
  • /
  • 1738-3110(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2093-7717(eISSN)
한국유통과학회 (Korea Distribution Science Association)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

What drives Indonesians Subscribe and Push the Distribution of Disney+ Hotstar?

  • 투고 : 2022.04.04
  • 심사 : 2022.06.05
  • 발행 : 2022.06.30
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

Purpose: This study aims to test the influence of brand relationship, price, content, brand awareness, and electronic Word-Of-Mouth (eWOM) on willingness to pay for the subscription fee of Disney+ Hotstar. As the latest streaming service provider in Indonesia, Disney + Hotstar under Disney Media and Entertainment Distribution has actively conducted strategies to strengthen the brand and attract consumers. Research design, data and methodology: Structural Equation Modelling with WarpPLS approach was used to assess the proposed model gathering data from 316 people who have ever known about Disney+ Hotstar through an online survey using measurement items from previous literature. Results: Most responses were obtained from millennial generations. Findings demonstrated that brand relationships, price, content, and brand awareness positively influenced willingness to pay for the subscription fee whereas eWOM showed a negative and insignificant influence on the willingness to pay for the subscription fee. Conclusions: The most significant factor towards willingness to pay a for subscription fee is price, followed by brand awareness, brand relationship, and content. The result of this study may be used as a guide for professionals in the streaming service industry to better implement their strategies in influencing people to have the willingness to subscribe.

키워드

1. Introduction

The rapid development of internet technology, particularly in media, as well as the increasing penetration of smartphones, have changed consumers' viewing behavior. Before the digital era, they were only able to access one-way content on conventional media, such as radio and newspapers, but nowadays, a myriad of digital service is available allowing them to create, access, and distribute content online anytime anywhere. One service that has gained popularity recently is streaming service, in which consumers can choose content, from videos, music, to books based on their preference. The market of streaming services has continued to soak globally. It was estimated to increase from USD 419.03 billion in 2021 to USD 932.29 billion in 2028 (Fortune Business Insights, 2021).

Numbers of streaming service providers have exponentially grown, such as Spotify, Netflix, Disney+ Hotstar, Amazon Prime Video, Viu, and so on. Each provider has different and unique characteristics, and offerings, including content, price, accessibility, quality, technology, and features. In general, to access the content, some providers require consumers to subscribe and pay a certain amount of money. Each also conducts marketing strategies to attract and retain consumers.

One of streaming service providers, Disney+ Hotstar, owned by The Walt Disney Company, has entered the Indonesian market in September 2020. As the latest streaming service provider in Indonesia, Disney+ Hotstar has enormous work to compete in the market. It offers more than 500 movies and 7000 episodes from Disney, Pixar, Marvel, Star Wars, National Geographic, and Indonesian movies. Besides, Disney+ Hotstar has recently started to provide 20 new Korean drama and movies with 12 of them are original works, such as King of Savvy, Crazy Love, The Zone: Survival Mission, and Snowdrop.

The distribution of Disney+ Hotstar’s content and ad sales is conducted by a business unit, called Disney Platform Distribution (DPD). This unit is responsible for managing third-party media sales efforts, particularly for distribution, marketing, business operations, media networks, including contents sales agreements under Disney Media and Entertainment Distribution (DMED), one of The Walt Disney Company’s five main business divisions. DMED does not only manage the operations of Disney+ Hotstar, but also other streaming service including Disney+, Hulu, ESPN+, and domestic broadcast and cable television networks (Disney Media & Entertainment Distribution, n.d.). To improve efficiency in film flow, Disney+ relies on third-party Content Delivery Network (CDN) providers, such as Akamai, Lumen, Limelight, Edgecast, Cloudfront, and Fastly, allowing subscribers to enjoy the film instantly from the nearest server which becomes the core point of streaming service.

As a country with 73.7% of the total population are internet users, Indonesia is a promising market for streaming service providers, including Disney+ Hotstar. In addition, spending on digital media grows by 29.1% on the Video-on-demand market and 20.6% on digital music (DataReportal, 2022). During the first quarter of 2021, Disney+ Hotstar was reported to have a significant increasing number of new subscribers in Indonesia (Media Partners Asia, 2021). In entering Indonesian market, Disney+ Hotstar implements strategies, including marketing mix and distribution strategy, for instance, Disney+ Hotstar offers attractive price and content in collaboration with national providers. Above all, Disney+ Hotstar competes on the basis of its brand strength, quality of its intellectual property, and videos with high quality. However, inevitably, brands also face challenges in the digital media ecosystem where other consumers, as a third party, can show, express, and share their opinions and feelings about a brand through online review or known as electronic word of mouth (eWOM) (Trusov, Bucklin, & Pauwels, 2009). Therefore, it will be useful to conduct research to know the Indonesians’ perception about its marketing mix tactics, brand strengths, and eWOM and the impact of each factor on willingness to pay for its subscription fee.

Previously, research has been conducted to examine influencing factors towards willingness to subscribe to streaming services, but there has been little research concerning predictive variables on willingness to subscribe to Disney+ Hotstar. A study by Palomba (2020) showed that consumers had different concerns in determining subscriptions to streaming services. One predictive variable may lead to subscription to one streaming service but not to other services. Prior research found product qualities, such as recommendation systems, resolution, and watching options became essential factors in affecting audiences in China and Korea to subscribe to streaming services (Kim, Kim, Hwang, Kim, & Kim, 2017). Extending Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), researchers found that perceived usefulness, ease, enjoyment, and satisfaction encourage Chinese consumers to pay for streaming services (Sun & Zhang, 2021). In the context of Netflix users in Indonesia, a previous study found that Instagram content, perceived price, content exclusivity, and motivation to be entertained and to have fun, had a significant influence on Indonesian consumers’ willingness to pay for subscriptions on Netflix (Auditya & Hidayat, 2021). Furthermore, Nagaraj, Sing, and Yasa (2021) found that among several attributes such as content, the convenience provided by providers, price, features, and quality, price was the most determining factor in motivating Indian consumers to subscribe.

Considering each streaming service has different key predictive variables on willingness to pay for subscriptions, and since the factors influencing willingness to subscribe to Disney+ Hotstar are understudied, current research aims to examine the effect of price and content, brand relationship, brand awareness, and eWOM on willingness to pay for subscription fee. The result is expected to be beneficial for the company and marketing professionals to have and to retain subscription growth. Theoretically, the study expands literature related to the influence of marketing mix, brand, and eWOM in the context of digital distribution, specifically, movie streaming service.

2. Literature Review

2.1. Streaming Service

Streaming service is a service that allows users to watch movies and TV shows online through TV, mobile device, computer without downloading them from the internet. Streaming service is also recognized as Over-The-Top (OTT) service, defined as “content, a service or an application that is provided to the end user over the public Internet” (Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communication, 2016, p.14). The content distributed online includes books, films, television, television shows, music, and videogames which can be previewed for download by audience. Using digital distribution method, streaming service allows consumers to enjoy the content sent from the internet web server to the personalized device.

In general, the process in streaming service is divided into 5 main phases, first, streaming service providers acquire content from numerous vendors or suppliers, generally purchasing long-term license. In addition, they also create their original content as differentiation strategy to improve the brand and increase watching hours; second, after acquiring the content, providers apply computational method to get the content ready to be circulated and accessed; third, to support effective content delivery globally, they commonly have and use content delivery network (CDN) which operates digitally connecting servers. This phase is labelled as primary distribution; fourth, providers manage content flow to a certain point where the following distribution or the final content delivery is later handled by the internet service provider. At this point, people who pay for the subscription fee are able to watch the content; Finally, streaming service providers have to make sure that their content is accessible by subscribers through multiple devices with different resolutions (Fagerjord & Kueng, 2019).

Streaming service has increasingly gained more audience from year to year. For example, in United States of America, the number of people streaming for contents doubled and reached more than 125 million. Besides, the duration of streaming rose significantly by almost 75% (PwC, 2021). In Southeast Asia, there is a growing demand for streaming service, and it has the potential to expand outside urban region. Between 2020 and 2021, the number of subscribers increased by 30% due to easy internet access and quick access to digital payment system (Davis & Neves, 2021). To be specific, the report of e-Conomy conducted by Google, Temasek, and Bank Company (2021) presented that the popularity of video streaming services continues to grow increasingly in several South East Asian countries, for instance, Vietnam where the interest in video subscription has multiplied 18 times since 2017, Malaysia 10 times, and Indonesia 12 times. Prior research suggests that perceived benefits of streaming providers over traditional media influence people to leave old media and accept streaming service (Tefertiller, 2018).

2.2. Streaming Service in Indonesia and The Penetration of Disney+ Hotstar

Indonesia is a promising market for streaming service providers. As 73.7% of total population is internet users, streaming service user penetration is projected to be 17.1% in 2022 and 20.0% by 2026 with video streaming service as the largest part, having market volume of US\($\) 281.40 m in 2022 above digital music (Statista, 2020). During pandemic, there has been a definite transition from offline to online channels in almost all product categories, for instance, household supplies, food take out and deliveries, personal care products, and entertainment at home (Potia & Dahiya, 2020). These tendencies may become a golden opportunity for business in digital platform including streaming service providers.

Recently, there have been some numbers of streaming service providers in Indonesia, such as GoPlay, HBO Go, VIU, and Netflix. The newest one is Disney+ Hotstar. In September 2020, Indonesia became the first country in Southeast Asia to welcome Disney+ Hotstar. To maximize convenience in using streaming service, Disney+ Hotstar offers easy access and several features. Audience can watch movies on Disney+ Hotstar by downloading the application from Google Play Store and App Store or through web browser. Disney+ Hotstar can be accessed from laptops, cell phones, tablet devices, and televisions allowing 4K movie watching experiences with Dolby Vision and Dolby Audio. Disney+ Hotstar has also formed a partnership with Telkomsel, the most widely known provider of internet and SIM cards in Indonesia. Together their collaboration offers attractive price for consumers, particularly, movie enthusiasts. Disney+ Hotstar content comes from various well-known studios under the Walt Disney umbrella, from Disney, Pixar, Marvel studios, Star Wars, National Geographic, to 20th Century Fox. Disney+ Hotstar also cooperates with local filmmakers and local film studios, such as MD Pictures, and Falcon in an effort to attract Indonesian consumers. Moreover, Disney+ Hotstar also provides movies with audio in native language, allowing underage viewers to comfortably watch the movie.

2.3. Marketing Mix to Adjust Consumer Behavior

Marketing mix is a collection of controllable operational marketing instruments that a company uses to get the desirable output in its target market. Marketing mix encompasses 4 groups of variables that a company can manage to influence consumers' demand, namely, product, price, place, and promotion, together known as 4Ps (Kotler, Wong, Saunders, & Armstrong, 2005). Product is any item or service that a company offers to its consumers whereas price is defined as the amount that consumers have to pay to get the product. Promotion is referred as all communication activities that a company does to introduce and persuade consumers to purchase the product. Finally, place means all activities pertaining to efforts to make the product available to consumers.

Meanwhile, consumer buying behavior, also known as consumer behavior, is conceptualized as consumers who purchase product for consumption (Kotler et al., 2005). Consumer behavior is affected by consumers’ characteristics and consumers’ decision. The characteristics are influenced by four variables, cultural, social, individual, and psychological whereas decisions can be influenced by marketing mix. This study specifically discusses 2 variables of marketing mix in the context of Disney+ Hotstar, a streaming service provider. Those two variables are, first, content as the part of services that consumers need to pay before watching; second, price or the subscription fee. Both variables of marketing mix will be assessed towards willingness to pay for subscription.

2.4. Brand Relationship

Branding has become one of essential marketing strategies and received attention in consumer behavior research. When interacting with a brand, consumers can have personal connection, such as love and passion with the brand (Fournier, 1998). As a brand, Disney has maintained its relationship with consumers throughout generations through its five principles, namely, impression, connection, attitude, response, and exceptional (Bruce & Brian, 2015). Brand relationship is theorized as personally constructed links that consumers utilize to identify and build their 'selves' in powerful ways (Fournier, 1998) while others consider it as emotional brand relationship which is conceptualized as a strong emotional bond between consumers and a brand (Pourazad, Stocchi, & Pare, 2019).

Brand relationship has been found to be a significant factor in influencing consumers’ willingness to pay for some products in several contexts, such as resort brands (Ahn & Back, 2018), and restaurant brands (Ekinci, Yoon, & Oppewal, 2004). In the context of luxurious brands, researchers find that emotional brand relationship positively encourages consumers’ willingness to purchase a product (Pourazad et al., 2019). Relationship between brand and its consumers also motivates intention in the future (Park & Kim, 2014). Based on previous literature, researchers hypothesize that:

H1: Brand relationship positively influences willingness to pay for the subscription fee of Disney+ Hotstar.

2.5. Decisive Subscription Price

Price is one of paramount variables when making decision to buy a product or a service (Brucks, Zeithaml, & Naylor, 2000). Price is also the most principal part in assessing streaming service (Palomba, 2020). Every streaming service has its own price strategies concerning the benefits they offer to consumers. For example, to access premium contents on Netflix, consumers are required to pay \($\)19.99/month whereas Disney+ Hotstar charges its consumers \($\)7.99/month.

In the case of music streaming service, consumers consider price as one of predictive variables when purchasing a service. The others are performance expectancy, effort expectancy, hedonic motivation, habit, and attitude towards piracy (Barata & Coelho, 2021). Price is considered as one of affecting factors together with product quality and product design for Indian consumers in purchasing Chinese phone brands (Gupta & Singh, 2019). Furthermore, price is also acting as an essential factor which motivates consumers in subscribing to a streaming service (Auditya & Hidayat, 2021; Palomba, 2020). Based on prior study, the hypothesis for this variable is:

H2: Price positively influences willingness to pay for the subscription fee of Disney+ Hotstar.

2.6. Content

Streaming service providers compete to maintain and gain new consumers by providing consumption values and identities (Oyedele & Simpson, 2018). For instance, Netflix offers global contents and original contents which can be downloaded for certain period. Amazon Prime Video is known for its diverse contents from TV shows, animations, series, and original contents. Meanwhile, Viu, originally from Hong Kong, is well-known for its movies and series from Asian countries such as South Korea, Japan, Thailand, Indonesia, and more. As a newcomer, Disney+ Hotstar offers various family-friendly options, such as Disney classic movies and films from Pixar, Marvel, Star Wars, and National Geographic. Content has been one of the most compelling reasons for consumers to subscribe to a streaming service. Researchers have found that content has positive and significant impacts on consumers’ willingness to subscribe to a streaming service (Auditya & Hidayat, 2021; Nagaraj et al., 2021; Palomba, 2020). Therefore, we hypothesize:

H3: Content positively influences willingness to pay for the subscription fee of Disney+ Hotstar.

2.7. Brand Awareness

The starting point of purchase decision is the requirement of products’ recognition and awareness (Kotler et al., 2005). When consumers are aware of a product, they will have positive attitude towards the product, leading to product usage (Chandran, Rangarai, & Parayitam, 2020). Brand awareness is defined as the level of brand familiarity which can be recognized by consumers under certain circumstances. Brand awareness together with brand image shape brand knowledge (Keller, 2013). Brand awareness is built by any means that allow consumers to experience and recognize the brand, this can be implemented through advertising, promotion, and public relations activities. One popular way to enhance brand awareness is through social networking sites.

Prior research showed that an image of a city became the most essential factor of visit intention and visiting behavior. In conjunction with this result, government must implement city branding correctly in order to improve people’s intention to visit and city image (Kusumawati, Rahayu, & Putra, 2022). Similarly, in the context of car sales, brand awareness positively influence consumers’ intention to purchase the car (Hutter, Hautz, Dennhardt, & Füller, 2013). In contrast, another study found that brand awareness and brand image do not encourage intention to pay for some products (Febriyantoro, 2020). Amid contrasting findings, further study is required. Based on literature, the hypothesis of brand awareness is:

H4: Brand awareness positively influences willingness to pay for the subscription fee of Disney+ Hotstar.

2.8. eWOM

eWOM is defined as “any positive or negative statement made by potential, actual, or former consumers about a product or company, which is made available to a multitude of people and institutions via the Internet” (Hennig-Thurau, Gwinner, Walsh, & Gremler, 2004, p.38). The examples of eWOM include brand’s websites, retailers’ websites, blogs, social media (e.g., Instagram, Facebook), message boards, product review websites (e.g., TripAdvisor), and online shopping platform (e.g., Tokopedia, Amazon). Compared to traditional WOM, eWOM has exceptional feature, such as eWOM is typically anonymous and happens between people who have little relations or even do not know each other, for instance between social media users, and website visitors. This characteristic allows them to share reviews honestly without disclosing their identity. eWOM in this study refers to the activity of consumers of finding online review related to Disney+ Hotstar.

The most commonly trusted form of eWOM as an information source is online consumer reviews (Nielsen, 2015). When the review is positive, consumers will be highly likely to give recommendation about a product to their relatives, but when the review is negative, they are not motivated to recommend the product to others (Lee & Youn, 2009). Prior study showed that eWOM had a direct influence on intention to purchase. However, if the influence was mediated by trust, it became weakened indicating that eWOM shaped people’s trust of a product and the intention to buy a product became higher (Mahmud, Islam, Ali, & Mehjabin, 2020). This result is in line with other studies about positive association between eWOM and willingness to purchase (Kumar, 2017; Mauri & Minazzi, 2013; Nuseir, 2019). Therefore, the hypothesis for this variable is:

H5: eWOM positively influences willingness to pay for the subscription fee of Disney+ Hotstar.

2.9. Willingness to Pay

Subscription to Disney+ Hotstar means consumers are required to pay certain amount of money to be able to access the contents. Economically, willingness to pay for subscription fee refers to the maximum price a consumer is willing to pay for subscriptions (Ahmed, Najmi, Faizan, & Ahmed, 2019). Research concerning willingness to pay have been implemented in varied industries, such as banking industry, involving brand attitude and eWOM (Augusto & Torres, 2018); and logistics industry, by testing four variables, including environment, green packaging quality, commodity, and packaging price (Hao, Liu, Chen, Sha, Ji, & Fan, 2019). Another study found that some people were willing to pay for Halal foods because of religiosity, perceptions towards benefits, concerns of Halal, and ingredients of the product (Ahmed et al., 2019). Sukhu and Bilgihan (2021) found that when people had positive perceptions towards dining experience, they tended to have hedonic value which further motivated them to pay.

In the context of streaming service, some people are willing to pay to stream live sport events because they can enjoy the broadcast and feel satisfied (Sun & Zhang, 2021). A study found that several brand attributes factors such as brand experience, brand love, and brand loyalty motivated young consumers to have willingness to subscribe to Netflix (Santos & Schlesinger, 2021). In India, adults are willing to subscribe to streaming service providers because of two essential factors, namely, consumer engagement and quality of service excellence (Gupta & Singharia, 2021).

3. Methodology

3.1. Survey Instrument

The survey instrument was developed using established scales from previous literature (see Appendix 1). Brand relationship was assessed by nine items adopted from Ekinci et al. (2004), and Pourazad et al. (2019) to identify to what extent people have emotional and personal relationship with Disney+ Hotstar. Some of the statements were: “Disney+ Hotstar is my favorite streaming service” and “I feel personally connected to Disney+ Hotstar”. Meanwhile, price and content were evaluated by, respectively, four items and six items which were adopted from previous studies (Auditya & Hidayat, 2021; Nagaraj et al., 2021). To measure brand awareness or the level of people’s familiarity towards Disney+ Hotstar as a streaming service brand, five items were used from Anselmsson, Bondesson, and Johansson (2014) whereas to score eWOM, the extent of consumers seeking for reviews to get information related to Disney+ Hotstar, four items were adopted from Mahmud et al. (2020).

Finally, to evaluate willingness to pay, this study adopts measurement items from Augusto and Torres (2018), and Fathi, Zailani, Iranmesh, and Kanapthy (2016). Answers of all items were measured using 5-point Likert scale (1=strongly disagree, 5=strongly agree). The survey also has questions about basic demographics, including gender, age, education level, and occupation in the beginning.

3.2. Participants

The population of interest is Indonesians who have ever known about Disney+ Hotstar. These individuals are targeted to identify whether the variables tested motivate people who have ever known Disney+ Hotstar to have the willingness to pay for subscription fee of Disney+ Hotstar. The sampling technique used for this study was a purposive sampling because it was considered possible to reach particular kinds of people who may have differing and relevant viewpoints on the variables at the research questions, thus they must be included in the sample (Campbell, Greewood, Prior, Shearer, Walkem, Young, et al., 2020).

Purposive sampling is a part of nonprobability sampling which has several limitations as it is not used to create generalizations of the entire population. However, when the population is very large, purposive sampling technique is very useful. Because the population size of people who have ever known Disney+ Hotstar is unknown, this study applies the estimation of minimal sample size for PLS SEM which is 10 times indicators used to measure a construct (Hair, Ringle, & Sarstedt, 2011).

Data were collected from survey which was distributed electronically through an online survey using Google Form to social media group, such as What’s App, Facebook, Instagram, Line, and others. Before distributing the online survey, a pilot test using SPSS version 26 was conducted to test the validity and the reliability of measurement items with 30 participants from Authors’ What’s App groups. From 32 questions, there was only 1 question unreliable. Referring to PLS SEM, the minimal sample size required for this study is 310. Survey was delivered in Indonesian and consisted of three different parts. First part contains a screening question whether participants have ever known Disney+ Hotstar. If they declare themselves as people who know Disney+ Hotstar, they are eligible to continue to the second part of the survey. In this part, they are required to fill in some demographic questions, and declare their consent to participate. Finally, they are required to give responses to 31 items concerning Disney+ Hotstar before submitting it.

3.3. Analysis

The model in this study was tested using Structural equation modeling (SEM) with Warp Partial Least Squares (WarpPLS) 7.0. SEM is a multivariate analysis that incorporates elements of a simultaneous equation system, path analysis, or regression analysis with factor analysis. WarpPLS Analysis is an enhancement of Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis that may be used to confirm theories (hypothesis testing) as well as generate models without a theoretical foundation. The stages of SEM analysis using WarpPLS include designing inner model (structural model), designing outer model (measurement model), constructing the path diagram, transforming path diagram to equation system, estimating the parameter, evaluation the goodness of fit, and finally, testing the hypothesis of the study (Wardhani, Nugroho, Fernandes, & Solimun, 2020).

Measurement model must be evaluated with reference to the reliability and validity. The assessment of reliability relies on the value of composite reliability and Cronbach’s alpha whereas the validity assessment concentrates on convergent validity and discriminant validity. To examine convergent validity, researchers focus on the value of average variance extracted (AVE) and for discriminant validity, certain measures should be met based on Fornell-Larcker criterion and cross loadings. Moreover, the evaluation of structural model relies on the R2 and the level and significance of the path coefficient (Hair et al., 2011).

4. Results

4.1. Descriptive Analysis

Data collection was conducted form March 22nd to April 1st, 2022, resulted in 331 responses recorded. After filtering their familiarity about Disney+ Hotstar and consent, a total of 316 responses were used for further analysis. In the sample, 200 (63.3%) were female and 116 (36.7%) were male. Eligible participants were aged between 17 to 22 20.9% (n=66), 67.7% (n=214) were between 23 to 38, 10.8% (n=34) 39 to 54, 0.6% (n=2) older than 55 years old. The age division refers to Dimock (2019) indicating that most participants in this study is from millennial generation. Of the participants, 22.8% (n=72) were students, 43.7% (n=138) private sector employees, 11.1% (n=35) government employees, 11.7% (n=37) entrepreneurs, and 10.8% (n=34) were unemployed. Regarding education level, 0.3% of the participants (n=1) had junior high school degree, 24.4% (n=77) had senior high school degree, 3.2% (n=10) had diploma, 58.2% (n=184) had bachelor degree, 12.7% (n=40) had master degree, and 1.3% of population (n=4) had doctoral degree.

To determine the value of indicators and variables, this study used a frequency distribution. The result of the descriptive analysis of variables are presented in table 1. From the table, the value of variables indicated that the level of brand relationship and eWOM among participants is moderate while the level of perception towards price, content, and brand awareness is high.

Table 1: Frequency Distribution of Variables

OTGHB7_2022_v20n6_21_t0001.png 이미지

4.2. Evaluation of Measurement Model

In evaluating validity, the standard of convergent validity and discriminant validity must be fulfilled. Convergent validity is evaluated based on two criteria, P values which the loadings are equal to or lower than 0.05 whereas loadings are equal to or greater than 0.5 (Kock, 2015b). Furthermore, discriminant validity is assessed generally by looking at the value of Average Variance Extracted (AVE). To be valid, the value of AVE should be 0.5 or greater (Fornell & Larcker, 1981). To measure the reliability, the value of Composite Reliability and Cronbach’s alpha coefficients must meet the standard of reliability which the value should be equal to or greater than 0.7 (Kock, 2015b). Based on the result as seen on table 2, the model is declared valid and reliable.

Table 2: Result of Measurement Model

OTGHB7_2022_v20n6_21_t0002.png 이미지

Note: LF= Loading Factor, AVE= Average Variance Extracted, CR= Composite Reliability, CA= Cronbach’s Alpha

In term of model fit assessment, the value of R-squared contribution ratio (RSCR) must be equal to or bigger than 0.9 to meet the standard. The result indicated that R-squared contribution ratio (RSCR) is 0.998. Moreover, another parameter of model fit and quality, such as average path coefficient (APC), average R-squared (ARS), average adjusted R-squared (AARS), average block variance inflation factor (AVIF), average full collinearity VIF (AFVIF), Tenenhaus GoF (GoF), Simpson's paradox ratio (SPR), statistical suppression ratio (SSR), and nonlinear bivariate causality direction ratio (NLBCDR) also showed values that met the value standard (Table 3). Therefore, the model is declared fit.

Table 3: Result of model fit and quality indices

OTGHB7_2022_v20n6_21_t0003.png 이미지

4.3. Structural Model and Hypothesis Testing

Hypothesis 1 to hypothesis 5 were evaluated to forecast the influencing impact of, respectively, brand relationship, price, content, brand awareness, and eWOM on willingness to pay for subscription fee of Disney+ Hotstar (Figure 1). Hypothesis 1 posited a positive association between brand relationship and willingness to pay. H1 was accepted by positive and significant association (β=0.08, p=0.034). Hypothesis 2 predicted that there was positive impact of price on willingness to pay and the result showed that there was a positive and significant impact (β=0.52, p<0.001). In hypothesis 3, content was posited to have a positive impact on willingness to pay. Result showed that content positively but insignificantly influenced willingness to pay (β=0.05, p<0.08). Hypothesis 4 posited that there was a positive association between brand awareness and willingness to pay. Hypothesis 4 was accepted because the result showed a positive and significant value (β=0.19, p<0.001). Finally, hypothesis 5 forecast a positive relationship between eWOM and willingness to pay. However, hypothesis 5 was rejected by negative and insignificant value (β=-0.00, p=0.237). Overall, all hypotheses are accepted, except for hypothesis 5. When the hypothesis is predicted to have a positive or negative sign, one-tailed test in the calculation of P values is commonly acquired (Kock, 2015a).

OTGHB7_2022_v20n6_21_f0001.png 이미지

Figure 1: WarpPLS Model

5. Discussion

The purpose of the study is to test the influence of brand relationship, price, content, brand awareness, and eWOM on willingness to pay for subscription fee of Disney+ Hotstar. Results show that brand relationship, price, content, and brand awareness positively encourage Indonesians who have ever known Disney+ Hotstar to have the willingness to pay for Disney+ Hotstar subscription fee. In contrast, different from hypothesis, eWOM is found to have a negative influence on willingness to pay. It means that although people receive or read many reviews about Disney+ Hotstar, it will not motivate them to subscribe. This result is different from prior study which showed that eWOM had a positive and significant impact on online purchase intention in the context of United Arab Emirates (UAE) (Nuseir, 2019), and hotel industry (Mauri & Minazzi, 2013).

Based on the value of path coefficient, price is the most significant variables in influencing people to have willingness to pay for subscription fee. The result supports finding from another work which indicated low subscription fee as essential factors willingness to subscribe to streaming service (Nagaraj et al., 2021). Price is later followed by brand awareness, brand relationship, and content. Compared to other streaming services in Indonesia, Disney+ Hotstar offers an affordable and attractive subscription fee. It is not surprising as the fact that by March 2021, the number of Disney+ Hotstar subscribers in Indonesia had already surpassed the number of Netflix’s subscribers. In contrast, Netflix which applies premium price, experiences slower growth (Sherman, 2022).

Regarding Disney+ Hotstar as a brand, frequency distribution shows that level of brand awareness of Disney+ Hostar is high. It means that Indonesians are familiar enough with Disney signatures, such as Disney movies, logos, characters and songs. Besides, the level of consumers’ perception of brand relationship is moderately high, suggesting that they have sufficient personal relationships and emotional bond with Disney+ Hotstar, probably from other Disney’s popular movies, and characters, such as Mickey Mouse, Star Wars, and more. Moreover, result also indicates that Indonesians acknowledge that as a streaming service provider, Disney+ Hotstar offers wide variety of entertaining contents, including movies, shows, and documentaries with good quality. As a result, it is much easier for Disney+ Hotstar to be recognized and accepted in Indonesian market amid its new presence. The findings resonate with Disney’s main strategy to amplify its brand strength through increasing brand awareness to motivate people to subscribe.

Findings in this study can be beneficial for streaming service providers particularly in film industry to better understand consumer behavior, so that they can formulate better strategies in obtaining and retaining consumers. To increase brand awareness and brand relationship, Disney+ Hotstar and other streaming service providers can maximize the usage of social media as the number of Indonesians who spend their time to use social media is high. Currently, Disney+ Hotstar has already used YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter to maintain its relationships with consumers and to communicate its promotion. Disney+ Hotstar may consider increasing the frequency and the content published on social media. Moreover, offering a pack of high-quality film with a reasonable price can attract and maintain consumers, not only current subscribers but also new consumers. Therefore, it is imperative for streaming service providers to maintain attractive price and providing plenty of film choices, including exclusive and original content as a differentiation strategy to keep subscribers from cancelling subscription and switching to other providers.

6. Conclusions

The advance of internet technology has changed the landscape of film industry, allowing film flows and deliveries globally through streaming service providers. On the other hand, the internet penetration also changes consumers’ behavior to watch and enjoy contents, including film. Accordingly, it is important for business players in this industry to understand better consumers’ intention and its influencing factors so that they can craft strategies to win the market.

This study has several limitations. First, it used Indonesians who have ever known Disney+ as population which the size is unknown. When the population is too large, the result of the study is not to be generalized. In addition, current study did not consider other demographic variables, such as, monthly income, or current spending on digital media which may have influence on willingness to pay for subscription fee. Third, the study did not specifically focus on age categorization, such as, millennials, generation X, and so on.

More research pertaining to Disney+ Hotstar in Indonesia is required since it is a new player in streaming service industry and still understudied. Therefore, first, researchers in future studies may use specific characteristics in determining population, for example, members of a movie community, social media followers, digital platform subscribers, generations X, generations Y, and so on. Second, future studies can also test other different predictive variables towards willingness to pay for subscription fee, such as social media ad, influencers, ease of use, habit, and others. These variables can also be tested on different streaming service providers using another theory, for instance Theory of Acceptance Model. Third, future study is expected to involve income and spending as influencing variables on willingness to pay. Next, because the result of eWOM as a predictive variable of willingness to pay is contrasting with prior studies, further research is required to test the influencing variable of eWOM on willingness to pay. Finally, researchers can expand the study by testing current variables on the purchase decision or subscription decision, not merely on intention or willingness.

Appendixes

참고문헌

  1. Ahmed, W., Najmi, A., Faizan, H. M., & Ahmed, S. (2019). Consumer behaviour towards willingness to pay for Halal products: An assessment of demand for Halal certification in a Muslim country. British Food Journal, 121(2), 492-504. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-02-2018-0085
  2. Ahn, J., & Back, K. J. (2018). Influence of brand relationship on customer attitude toward integrated resort brands: a cognitive, affective, and conative perspective. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 35(4), 449-460. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2017.1358239
  3. Anselmsson, J., Bondesson, N. V., & Johansson, U. (2014). Brand image and customers' willingness to pay a price premium for food brands. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 23(2), 90-102. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-10-2013-0414
  4. Auditya, A., & Hidayat, Z. (2021). Netflix in Indonesia: Influential Factors on Customer Engagement among Millennials' Subscribers. Journal of Distribution Science, 19(1), 89-103. https://doi.org/10.15722/jds.19.1.202101.89
  5. Augusto, M., & Torres, P. (2018). Effects of brand attitude and eWOM on consumers' willingness to pay in the banking industry: Mediating role of consumer-brand identification and brand equity. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 42(December 2017), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2018.01.005
  6. Barata, M. L., & Coelho, P. S. (2021). Music streaming services: understanding the drivers of customer purchase and intention to recommend. Heliyon, 7(8), e07783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07783
  7. Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communication. (2016). Report on OTT services. Retrieved March 20, 2022 (actual access date), from https://berec.europa.eu/eng/document_register/subject_matter/berec/download/0/5751-berec-report-on-ott-services_0.pdf
  8. Bruce, L., & Brian, C. (2015). The Experience: The 5 Principles of Disney Service and Relationship Excellence. John Wiley & Sons.
  9. Brucks, M., Zeithaml, V. A., & Naylor, G. (2000). Price and Brand Name As Indicators of Quality Dimensions for Consumer Durables. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 28(3), 359-374. https://doi.org/10.1177/009207300283005
  10. Campbell, S., Greenwood, M., Prior, S., Shearer, T., Walkem, K., Young, S., ..., & Walker, K. (2020). Purposive sampling: complex or simple? Research case examples. Journal of Research in Nursing, 25(8), 652-661. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987120927206
  11. Chandran, S. R., Rangarai, H., & Parayitam, S. (2020). The Effect of Brand Awareness and Use, Product Awareness and Use on Brand and Product Satisfaction:A Study of Ayurveda Products from India. Asia-Pacific Journal of Management Research and Innovation, 16(2), 103-121. https://doi.org/10.1177/2319510x20925199
  12. DataReportal. (2022). Digital 2022 Indonesia. Retrieved March 18, 2022 (actual access date), from https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2022-indonesia
  13. Davis, S., & Neves, C. N. (2021). e-Conomy SEA 2021: Roaring 20s - The SEA Digital Decade. Think with Google. Retrieved March 15, 2022 (actual access date), from https://www.thinkwithgoogle.com/intl/en-apac/consumerinsights/consumer-trends/e-conomy-sea-2021/?utmsource=twg_paid_gsn&utm_medium=paidsearch&utm_campaign=twg_paid_gsn&utm_medium=cpc&utm_source=Google&utmteam=twg-apac&utm_campaign=202011-seaeconomygene
  14. Dimock, M. (2019). Defining generations: Where Millennials end and Generation Z begins. Pew Research Center. Retrieved March 11, 2022 (actual access date), from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/01/17/wheremillennials-end-and-generation-z-begins/
  15. Disney Media & Entertainment Distribution. (n.d.). Disney Media & Entertainment Distribution. Retrieved March 18, 2022 (actual access date), from https://dmedmedia.disney.com/about-dmed
  16. Ekinci, Y., Yoon, T. H., & Oppewal, H. (2004). an Examination of the Brand Relationship Quality Scale in the Evaluation of Restaurant Brands. Advancesin Hospitality and Leisure, 1(04), 189-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1745-3542(04)01012-4
  17. Fagerjord, A., & Kueng, L. (2019). Mapping the core actors and flows in streaming video services: what Netflix can tell us about these new media networks. Journal of Media Business Studies, 16(3), 166-181. https://doi.org/10.1080/16522354.2019.1684717
  18. Fathi, E., Zailani, S., Iranmanesh, M., & Kanapthy, K. (2016). Drivers of consumers' willingness to pay for halal logistics. British Food Journal, 118(2), 464-479. https://doi.org/:10.1108/BFJ-06-2015-0212
  19. Febriyantoro, M. T. (2020). Exploring YouTube Marketing Communication: Brand awareness, brand image and purchase intention in the millennial generation. Cogent Business and Management, 7(1), 1787733. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1787733
  20. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, XVIII(February), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
  21. Fortune Business Insights. (2021). Video Streaming Market. Retrieved March 10, 2022 (actual access date), from https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/video-streamingmarket-103057
  22. Fournier, S. (1998). Consumers and Their Brands Developing. Journal of Consumer Research, 24(4), 343-353. https://doi.org/10.1086/209515
  23. Google, Temasek, &BankCompany. (2021). e-Conomy SEA 2021: Roaring 20s - The SEA Digital Decade.
  24. Gupta, G., & Singharia, K. (2021). Consumption of OTT Media Streaming in COVID-19 Lockdown: Insights from PLS Analysis. Vision, 25(1), 36-46. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972262921989118
  25. Gupta, O. J., & Singh, A. (2019). Influence of Product's Price on Consumers' Willingness to Purchase Chinese Mobile Phones: Controlling the Effect of Product Quality & Design. Effulgence-A Management Journal, 17(2), 25. https://doi.org/10.33601/effulgence.rdias/v17/i2/2019/25-36
  26. Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-152. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202
  27. Hao, Y., Liu, H., Chen, H., Sha, Y., Ji, H., & Fan, J. (2019). What affect consumers' willingness to pay for green packaging? Evidence from China. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 141(April 2018), 21-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.10.001
  28. Hennig-Thurau, T., Gwinner, K. P., Walsh, G., & Gremler, D. D. (2004). Electronic word-of-mouth via consumer-opinion platforms: What motivates consumers to articulate themselves on the Internet? Journal of Interactive Marketing, 18(1), 38-52. https://doi.org/10.1002/dir.10073
  29. Hutter, K., Hautz, J., Dennhardt, S., & Fuller, J. (2013). The impact of user interactions in social media on brand awareness and purchase intention: The case of MINI on Facebook. Journal of Product and Brand Management, 22(5), 342-351. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-05-2013-0299
  30. Keller, K. L. (2013). Strategic Brand Management: Building, Measuring, and Managing Brand Equity (4th ed.). Pearson Education Limited.
  31. Kim, M. S., Kim, E., Hwang, S. Y., Kim, J., & Kim, S. (2017). Willingness to pay for over-the-top services in China and Korea. Telecommunications Policy, 41(3), 197-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2016.12.011
  32. Kock, N. (2015a). One-tailed or two-tailed P values in PLS-SEM?. International Journal of E-Collaboration, 11(2), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijec.2015040101
  33. Kock, N. (2015b). WarpPLS 5.0 User Manual. ScriptWarp Systems, January, 1-108.
  34. Kotler, P., Wong, V., Saunders, J., & Armstong, G. (2005). Principles of Marketing (4th ed.). Pearson Education Limited.
  35. Kumar, C. kudeshia A. (2017). Social eWOM: Does it Affect the Brand Attitude and Purchase Intention of Brands? Management Research Review, 40(3). https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-07-2015-0161
  36. Kusumawati, A., Rahayu, K. S., & Putra, E. W. (2022). Antecedents customer decision to visit Yogyakarta as special regions in Indonesia. Cogent Business & Management, 9(1), 2050062. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2022.2050062
  37. Lee, M., & Youn, S. (2009). Electronic word of mouth (eWOM): How eWOM platforms influence consumer product judgement. International Journal of Advertising, 28(3), 473-499. https://doi.org/10.2501/S0265048709200709
  38. Mahmud, M. S., Islam, M. N., Ali, M. R., & Mehjabin, N. (2020). Impact of Electronic Word of Mouth on Customers' Buying Intention Considering Trust as a Mediator: A SEM Approach. Global Business Review, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150920976345
  39. Mauri, A. G., & Minazzi, R. (2013). Web reviews influence on expectations and purchasing intentions of hotel potential customers. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 34(1), 99-107. https://doi.org/:10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.02.012
  40. Media Partners Asia. (2021). MPA Report: Premium Video Captures 10% of Total Video Streaming Minutes in Southeast Asia; Svod Platforms Add 5 Million New Subscribers in Q1 2021. Retrieved March 13, 2022 (actual access date), from https://www.media-partners-asia.com/AMPD/Q12021/PR.pdf
  41. Nagaraj, S., Singh, S., & Yasa, V. R. (2021). Factors affecting consumers' willingness to subscribe to over-the-top (OTT) video streaming services in India. Technology in Society, 65, 101534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101534
  42. Nielsen. (2015). Global Trust in Advertising Survey. Retrieved March 11, 2022 (actual access date), from https://www.nielsen.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/04/global-trust-in-advertising-report-sept-2015-1.pdf
  43. Nuseir, M. T. (2019). The impact of electronic word of mouth (e-WOM) on the online purchase intention of consumers in the Islamic countries - a case of (UAE). Journal of Islamic Marketing, 10(3), 759-767. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-03-2018-0059
  44. Oyedele, A., & Simpson, P. M. (2018). Streaming apps: What consumers value. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 41(October 2016), 296-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2017.04.006
  45. Palomba, A. (2020). Do SVOD product attribute trade-offs predict SVOD subscriptions and SVOD account access? Using utility constant sums to predict SVOD subscriptions and SVOD account access. JMM International Journal on Media Management, 22(3-4), 168-190. https://doi.org/10.1080/14241277.2021.1920023
  46. Park, H., & Kim, Y. K. (2014). The role of social network websites in the consumer-brand relationship. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 21(4), 460-467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2014.03.011
  47. Potia, A., & Dahiya, K. (2020). Optimistic, digital, generous: COVID-19's impact on Indonesian consumer. McKinsey and Company. Retrieved March 14, 2022 (actual access date), from https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/business%20functions/marketing%20and%20sales/our%20insights/survey%20indonesian%20consumer%20sentiment%20during%20the%20coronavirus%20crisis/article%20-%20covid-19s%20impact%20on%20indonesian%20consumer%20sentiment.pdf
  48. Pourazad, N., Stocchi, L., & Pare, V. (2019). Brand attribute associations, emotional consumer-brand relationship and evaluation of brand extensions. Australasian Marketing Journal, 27(4), 249-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ausmj.2019.07.004
  49. PwC. (2021). After a boom year in video streaming, what comes next?. PwC. Retrieved March 14, 2022 (actual access date), from https://www.pwc.com/us/en/services/consulting/library/pdf/tmt-videoquake-cis.pdf
  50. Santos, M., & Schlesinger, W. (2021). When love matters. Experience and brand love as antecedents of loyalty and willingness to pay a premium price in streaming services. Spanish Journal of Marketing - ESIC, 25(3), 374-391. https://doi.org/10.1108/SJME-11-2020-0201
  51. Sherman, A. (2022, February 9). Disney makes up ground on Netflix with blowout Disney+ subscriber adds. CNBC. Retrieved March 10, 2022 (actual access date), from https://www.cnbc.com/2022/02/09/disney-makes-up-groundon-netflix-blowout-disney-subscriber-adds-.html
  52. Statista. (2020). Video-on-Demand. Retrieved March 11, 2022 (actual access date), from https://www.statista.com/outlook/dmo/digital-media/video-on-demand/indonesia
  53. Sukhu, A., & Bilgihan, A. (2021). The impact of hedonic dining experiences on word of mouth, switching intentions and willingness to pay. British Food Journal, 123(12), 3954-3969. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-10-2020-0901
  54. Sun, Y., & Zhang, H. (2021). What Motivates People to Pay for Online Sports Streaming? An Empirical Evaluation of the Revised Technology Acceptance Model. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(May), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.619314
  55. Tefertiller, A. (2018). Media Substitution in Cable Cord-Cutting: The Adoption of Web-Streaming Television. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 62(3), 390-407. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2018.1451868
  56. Trusov, M., Bucklin, R. E., & Pauwels, K. (2009). Effects of word of-mouth versus traditional marketing: Findings from an internet social networking site. Journal of Marketing, 73(5), 90-102. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.73.5.90
  57. Wardhani, N. W. S., Nugroho, W. H., Fernandes, A. A. R., & Solimun. (2020). Structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis with warppls approach based on theory of planned behavior (TPB). Mathematics and Statistics, 8(3), 311-322. https://doi.org/10.13189/ms.2020.080310