Acknowledgement
이 연구는 2020년 전남대학교 학술연구비 지원으로 수행되었다(과제번호: 2020-52407).
References
- Azer SA. Interactions between students and tutor in problem-based learning: the significance of deep learning. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2009;25(5):240-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1607-551X(09)70068-3
- Kang M, Lee S, Kim M, Kim M. The impact of tutors' domain and teaching expertise on medical students' learning outcomes in a PBL environment. Korean Med Educ Rev. 2011;13(2):9-23. https://doi.org/10.17496/KMER.2011.13.2.009
- Choi JY. The effect of instructor's social messages on students' social presence, interaction and perceived learning in web-based instruction [master's thesis]. Seoul: Korea University; 2004.
- Short J, Williams E, Christie B. The social psychology of telecommunications. London: Wiley; 1976.
- Gunawardena CN, Zittle FJ. Social presence as a predictor of satisfaction within a computer-mediated conferencing environment. Am J Distance Educ. 1997;11(3):8-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923649709526970
- Richardson JC, Swan K. Examining social presence in online courses in relation to students' perceived learning and satisfaction. J Asynchron Learn Netw. 2003;7(1):68-88.
- Zhan Z, Mei H. Academic self-concept and social presence in face-to-face and online learning: perceptions and effects on students' learning achievement and satisfaction across environments. Comput Educ 2013; 69:131-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2013.07.002
- Stacey E. Social presence online: networking learners at a distance. Educ Inf Technol. 2002;7(4):287-94. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020901202588
- Kim S, Kim M. The effects of types of instructor facilitation on learners' social presence, interaction, satisfaction, and learning achievement in an asynchronous web-based discussion. J Educ Inf Media. 2006;12(3): 299-321.
- Kang M, Lee J, Hahn J, Lee J. Investigating the relationships among perceived tutor's roles, social presence and learning outcomes in online discussion. J Lifelong Educ HRD. 2010;6(4):159-83.
- Biocca F, Harms C. Defining and measuring social presence: contribution to the networked minds theory and measure. Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Presence; 2002 Oct 9-11; Porto, Portugal. [place unknown]: International Society for Presence Research; 2002.
- Arena SL, Lee YW, Verbridge SS, Muelenaer A, VandeVord PJ, Arena CB. Web conferencing facilitation within problem-based learning biomedical engineering courses. Biomed Eng Educ. 2021;1(1):127-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43683-020-00020-1
- Stankovska G, Dimitrovski D, Ibraimi Z, Memedi I. Online learning, social presence and satisfaction among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the Bulgarian Comparative Education Society; 2021 Jun 19; Sofia, Bulgaria. Sofia: Bulgarian Comparative Education Society; 2021. p. 181-8.
- Lee D, Lee S. Media experience in live streaming video service: comparative study on parasocial interaction and social presence among live sports streaming video service users. Korean J Journal Commun Stud. 2014;58(1):148-77.
- Skylar AA. A comparison of asynchronous online text-based lectures and synchronous interactive web conferencing lectures. Issues Teach Educ. 2009;18(2):69-84.
- Stephens KK, Mottet TP. Interactivity in a web conference training context: effects on trainers and trainees. Commun Educ. 2008;57(1): 88-104. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634520701573284
- Picciano AG. Beyond student perceptions: issues of interaction, presence, and performance in an online course. J Asynchron Learn Netw. 2002 Jul;6(1):21-40.
- Gunawardena CN. Social presence theory and implications for interaction and collaborative learning in computer conferences. Int J Educ Telecommun. 1995;1(2):147-66.
- Swan K, Shea P, Fredericksen E, Pickett A, Pelz W, Maher G. Building knowledge building communities: consistency, contact and communication in the virtual classroom. J Educ Comput Res. 2000;23(4): 359-83. https://doi.org/10.2190/W4G6-HY52-57P1-PPNE
- Lee DJ. Inquiry into learners' sense of community in online learning environments. J Educ Technol. 2004;20(3):53-73.
- Gilkison A. Techniques used by "expert" and "non-expert" tutors to facilitate problem-based learning tutorials in an undergraduate medical curriculum. Med Educ. 2003;37(1):6-14. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2923.2003.01406.x
- Lim BR. Teacher's roles in a discussion-based e-learning environment. J Educ Dev. 2005;21(1):79-100.
- Cobb SC. Social presence and online learning: a current view from a research perspective. J Interact Online Learn. 2009;8(3):241-54.
- Homer BD, Plass JL, Blake L. The effects of video on cognitive load and social presence in multimedia-learning. Comput Human Behav. 2008;24(3):786-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2007.02.009