Acknowledgement
This work was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2020S1A5A8041203).
References
- Alix-Fages, C., Romero-Arenas, S., Castro-Alonso, M., Colomer-Poveda, D., Rio-Rodriguez, D., Jerez-Martinez, A., . . . Marquez, G. (2019). Short-term effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on endurance and maximal force production. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(4), 536.
- Angius, L., Pascual-Leone, A. & Santarnecchi, E. (2018). Brain stimulation and physical performance. Progress in Brain Research, 240, 317-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.07.010
- Biabani, M., Farrell, M., Zoghi, M., Egan, G. & Jaberzadeh, S. (2018). Crossover design in transcranial direct current stimulation studies on motor learning: potential pitfalls and difficulties in interpretation of findings. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 29(4), 463-473. https://doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2017-0056
- Brunoni, A. R., Amadera, J., Berbel, B., Volz, M. S., Rizzerio, B. G. & Fregni, F. (2011). A systematic review on reporting and assessment of adverse effects associated with transcranial direct current stimulation. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 14(8), 1133-1145. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1461145710001690
- Diedrichsen, J., Hazeltine, E., Nurss, W. K. & Ivry, R. B. (2003). The role of the corpus callosum in the coupling of bimanual isometric force pulses. Journal of Neurophysiology, 90(4), 2409-2418. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00250.2003
- Frazer, A. K., Williams, J., Spittle, M. & Kidgell, D. J. (2017). Cross-education of muscular strength is facilitated by homeostatic plasticity. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 117(4), 665-677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-017-3538-8
- Galletly, C., Gill, S., Clarke, P., Burton, C. & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2012). A randomized trial comparing repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation given 3 days/week and 5 days/week for the treatment of major depression: is efficacy related to the duration of treatment or the number of treatments? Psychological Medicine, 42(5), 981-988. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711001760
- Goble, D. J. & Brown, S. H. (2008). The biological and behavioral basis of upper limb asymmetries in sensorimotor performance. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 32(3), 598-610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.10.006
- Godinho, M. M., Junqueira, D. R., Castro, M. L., Loke, Y., Golder, S. & Neto, H. P. (2017). Safety of transcranial direct current stimulation: Evidence based update 2016. Brain Stimulation, 10(5), 983-985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2017.07.001
- Greenhouse, S. W. & Geisser, S. (1959). On methods in the analysis of profile data. Psychometrika, 24, 95-112. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02289823
- Hikosaka, M. & Aramaki, Y. (2021). Effects of bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation on simultaneous bimanual handgrip strength. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 15, 674851.
- Hu, X., Loncharich, M. & Newell, K. M. (2011). Visual information interacts with neuromuscular factors in the coordination of bimanual isometric force. Experimental Brain Research, 209(1), 129-138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-010-2528-4
- Hu, X. & Newell, K. M. (2011). Visual information gain and task asymmetry interact in bimanual force coordination and control. Experimental Brain Research, 212(4), 497-504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-011-2760-6
- Jin, Y., Lee, J., Oh, S., Celeste Flores Gimenez, M. & Yoon, B. (2019). Noninvasive brain stimulation over the M1 enhances bimanual force control ability: A randomized double-blind sham-controlled study. Journal of Motor Behavior, 51(5), 521-531. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222895.2018.1523784
- Kern, D. S., Semmler, J. G. & Enoka, R. M. (2001). Long-term activity in upper- and lower-limb muscles of humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 91(5), 2224-2232.
- Krishnan, C., Ranganathan, R., Kantak, S. S., Dhaher, Y. Y. & Rymer, W. Z. (2014). Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation alters elbow flexor muscle recruitment strategies. Brain Stimulation, 7(3), 443-450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2014.01.057
- Latash, M. L. & Anson, J. G. (2006). Synergies in health and disease: relations to adaptive changes in motor coordination. Physical Therapy, 86(8), 1151-1160.
- Lee, H., Park, Y. M. & Kang, N. (2022). Unilateral hand force control impairments in older women. EXCLI Journal, 21, 1231-1244.
- Lee, Hong, S. & Newell, K. M. (2008). Visual information gain and the regulation of constant force levels. Experimental Brain Research, 189(1), 61-69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-008-1403-z
- Lee, J. H. & Kang, N. (2020). Effects of online-bandwidth visual feedback on unilateral force control capabilities. PLOS ONE, 15(9), e0238367.
- Lee, J. H., Lee, T. L. & Kang, N. (2021). Transcranial direct current stimulation decreased cognition-related reaction time in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Research Reviews, 70, 101377.
- Lodha, N., Naik, S. K., Coombes, S. A. & Cauraugh, J. H. (2010). Force control and degree of motor impairments in chronic stroke. Clinical Neurophysiology, 121(11), 1952-1961.
- Machado, S., Jansen, P., Almeida, V. & Veldema, J. (2019). Is tDCS an adjunct ergogenic resource for improving muscular strength and endurance performance? A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1127.
- Nitsche, M. A. & Paulus, W. (2000). Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation. Journal of Physiology, 527(Pt 3), 633-639. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x
- Richman, J. S. & Moorman, J. R. (2000). Physiological time-series analysis using approximate entropy and sample entropy. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 278(6), H2039-2049. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.2000.278.6.H2039
- Rueda-Delgado, L. M., Solesio-Jofre, E., Serrien, D. J., Mantini, D., Daffertshofer, A. & Swinnen, S. P. (2014). Understanding bimanual coordination across small time scales from an electrophysiological perspective. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 47, 614-635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.003
- Salvador, M. G., Ugrinowitsch, H., Romano-Silva, M. A., Miranda, D. M. D., Apolinario-Souza, T. & Lage, G. M. (2017). Transcranial direct current stimulation and manual asymmetries: The effect of the stimulation on the manual dexterity. Journal of Physical Education, 28, e2837
- Sehm, B., Kipping, J., Schafer, A., Villringer, A. & Ragert, P. (2013). A comparison between uni- and bilateral tDCS effects on functional connectivity of the human motor cortex. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 183.
- Seidler, R. D., Bernard, J. A., Burutolu, T. B., Fling, B. W., Gordon, M. T., Gwin, J. T., . . . Lipps, D. B. (2010). Motor control and aging: links to age-related brain structural, functional, and biochemical effects. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 34(5), 721-733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.10.005
- Sosnoff, J. J., Valantine, A. D. & Newell, K. M. (2006). Independence between the amount and structure of variability at low force levels. Neuroscience Letters, 392(3), 165-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2005.09.010
- Swinnen, S. P. (2002). Intermanual coordination: from behavioural principles to neural-network interactions. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3(5), 348-359. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn807
- Swinnen, S. P. & Wenderoth, N. (2004). Two hands, one brain: cognitive neuroscience of bimanual skill. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(1), 18-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2003.10.017
- Szameitat, A. J., McNamara, A., Shen, S. & Sterr, A. (2012). Neural activation and functional connectivity during motor imagery of bimanual everyday actions. PLOS ONE, 7(6), e38506.
- Tazoe, T., Endoh, T., Kitamura, T. & Ogata, T. (2014). Polarity specific effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on interhemispheric inhibition. PLOS ONE, 9(12), e114244.
- Teulings, H. L., Contreras-Vidal, J. L., Stelmach, G. E. & Adler, C. H. (1997). Parkinsonism reduces coordination of fingers, wrist, and arm in fine motor control. Experimental Neurology, 146(1), 159-170. https://doi.org/10.1006/exnr.1997.6507
- Walsh, R. R., Small, S. L., Chen, E. E. & Solodkin, A. (2008). Network activation during bimanual movements in humans. Neuroimage, 43(3), 540-553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.07.019
- Yentes, J. M., Hunt, N., Schmid, K. K., Kaipust, J. P., McGrath, D. & Stergiou, N. (2013). The appropriate use of approximate entropy and sample entropy with short data sets. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 41(2), 349-365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-012-0668-3