Acknowledgement
This study was supported by a grant of the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea (grant no.: HF20C0210). There was no involvement of the funder in the review, editing, or submission of the manuscript for publication.
References
- Cobb JR. Outline for the study of scoliosis. Instr Course Lect 1948;5:261-275.
- Janicki JA, Alman B. Scoliosis: Review of diagnosis and treatment. Pediatr Child Health 2007;12:771-776. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/12.9.771
- Jacob J. R. Scoliosis. Pediatr Rev 2011;32:397. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.32-9-397
- Suh SW, Modi HN, Yang JH, Hong JY. Idiopathic scoliosis in Korean schoolchildren: A prospective screening study of over 1 million children. Eur Spine J 2011;20:1087-1094. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-011-1695-8
- Konieczny MR, Senyurt H, Krauspe R. Epidemiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Child Orthop 2013;7:3-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11832-012-0457-4
- Oh CH, Jahng YJ, Lee JH, Yoon SH, Park HC, Park CO. Scoliosis in a Nineteen Years Old Male: Prevalence Study. Korean J Spine 2010;7:161-166.
- Eksi MS, Ozcan-Eksi EE, Huet SE, Dinc T, Ozmen BB, Akcal MA. Prevalence of Thoracic Scoliosis in Adolescents in Turkey: Analysis of 1065 Chest Radiographs. World Neurosurg 2020;135:e527-e540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2019.12.057
- Sepehr M, Mahsa A, Rezvan H, Leila K, Reza H, Zahra V et al. Screening of scoliosis in school children in Tehran: The prevalence rate of idiopathic scoliosis, J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2018;31:767-774. https://doi.org/10.3233/bmr-171078
- Olivia DC, Suzanne GH. Prevalence Rates for Scoliosis in US Adults: Results from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Int J Epidemiol 1987;16:537-544. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/16.4.537
- Tetsuya K, Yuji A, Masakazu T, Takeo M, Naoki T. A Prospective Study of De Novo Scoliosis in a Community Based Cohort. Spine 2006;31:178-182. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000194777.87055.1b
- Schwab F, Dubey A, Gamez L, Fegoun AB, Hwang Ki, Pagala M et al. Adult scoliosis: prevalence, SF36, and nutritional parameters in an elderly volunteer population. Spine 2005;30:1082-1085. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000160842.43482.cd
- Francis RS. Scoliosis screening of 3000 college-aged women. The Utah Study- phase 2. Phys Ther 1988; 68:1513-1516.
- Silva FE, Lenke LG. Adult degenerative scoliosis: Evaluation and management. Neurosurg Focus 2010;28:E1. https://doi.org/10.3171/2010.1.FOCUS09271
- Robert AW, Ogunwole SU, Blakeslee L, Rabe MA [Internet]. The Population 65 Years and Older in the United States: 2016. American Community Survey reports 2018; ACS 38. Available from: https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2018/acs/ACS-38.pdf.
- Cunin V. Early-onset scoliosis: Current treatment. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2015;101:S109-S118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otsr.2014.06.032
- Blevins K, Battenberg A, Beck A. Management of Scoliosis. Adv Pediatr 2018; 65:249-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yapd.2018.04.013
- Campbell R, Melvin S. Thoracic Insuff iciency Syndrome and Exotic Scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg 2007;89:108-122. https://doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.f.00270
- Graham RB, Sugrue PA, Koski TR. Adult Degenerative Scoliosis. Clin Spine Surg 2016;29:95-107. https://doi.org/10.1097/bsd.0000000000000367
- Kim HS. Evidence-Based of Nonoperative Treatment in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis. Asian Spine J 2014;8:695-702. https://doi.org/10.4184/asj.2014.8.5.695
- Negrini S, Donzelli S, Lusini, M. Minnella S, Zaina F. The effectiveness of combined bracing and exercise in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis based on SRS and SOSORT criteria: A prospective study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2014;15:263. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-15-263
- Negrini S, Donzelli S, Aulisa AG, Czaprowski D, Schreiber S, Mauroy JC et al. 2016 SOSORT guidelines: Orthopaedic and rehabilitation treatment of idiopathic scoliosis during growth. Scoliosis Spinal Disord 2018;13:3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13013-017-0145-8
- Everett, Clifford R, Patel, Rajeev K. A Systematic Literature Review of Nonsurgical Treatment in Adult Scoliosis. Spine 2007;32:S130-S134. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e318134ea88
- Subramanyam R, Schaffzin J, Cudilo EM, Rao MB, Varughese AM. Systematic review of risk factors for surgical site infection in pediatric scoliosis surgery. Spine J 2015;15:1422-1431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2015.03.005
- Al-Mohrej OA, Aldakhil SS, Al-Rabiah MA, Al-Rabiah AM. Surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Complications. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2020;52:19-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2020.02.004
- Bridwell KH, Shufflebarger HL, Lenke LG, Lowe TG, Betz RR, Bassett GS. Parents' and Patients' Preferences and Concerns in Idiopathic Adolescent Scoliosis: A Cross-Sectional Preoperative Analysis. Spine 2000;25:2392-2399. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200009150-00020
- Weiss HR, Goodall D. Rate of complications in scoliosis surgery - a systematic review of the Pub Med literature. Scoliosis 2008;3:9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-7161-3-9
- Hawary RE, Zaaroor-Regev D, flomarn Y, Lonner BS, Alhkalife YI, Betz RR. Brace treatment in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Risk factors for failure- a literature review. Spine J 2019;19:1917-1925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2019.07.008
- Karol LA, Virostek D, Felton K, Lesley W. Effect of Compliance Counseling on Brace Use and Success in Patients with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg 2016;98:9-14. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.O.00359
- Piantoni L, Tello CA, Remondino RG, Bersusky ES, Menendez C, Ponce C et al. Quality of life and patient satisfaction in bracing treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Scoliosis Spinal Disord 2018;13:26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13013-018-0172-0
- Weiss HR, Bohr S, Jahnke A, Pleines S. Acupucture in the treatment of scoliosis - A sole blind- controlled pilot study. Scoliosis 2008;3:4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-7161-3-4
- Boehland, T, Montgomery, AD, Mortenson, M. Combination Acupuncture and Cupping for Treating Adult Idiopathic Scoliosis. Med Acupunct 2020;32:229-233. https://doi.org/10.1089/acu.2020.1411
- Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev 2015;4:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-4053-4-1
- Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Gotzsche PC, Juni P, Moher D, Oxman AD et al. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in and omized trials. BMJ 2011;343:d5928. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d5928
- Chen CX, Chen J, Ding HL, Li YT, Qiu ZY, Li M et al. Heat Conducted Lysis with Dense Silver Needle in Treatment of Degenerative Scoliosis. Chin Manipul Rehabil Med 2018;9:13-15.
- Jiang CR. Clinical Observation of Needle-knife Combined with Four-dimensional Traction in the Treatment of Patients with Mild to Moderate Degenerative Lumbar Scoliosis. Fujian Univ Tradit Chin Med 2020:2020;R682.3.
- Li ZY, Yang XF, Xu HT, Song YJ, Sun FZ, Wang CL et al. Clinical Study on Electroacupuncture Combined with Massage and Vertebral Rotation for the Treatment of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis. World J Complex Med 2019;05:134-137.
- Liu LY, Chen HR, Leng ZM, Chuang CJ, Pan WQ, Cheng WF et al. Observation on the curative effect of acupoint catgut embedding combined with bone-setting method to treat adolescent scoliosis. Guangxi J Tradit Chin Med 2020;43:35-38.
- Tan Z, Chen JW, Yu BL, Zhang GQ, Li XQ. Clinical Observations on Five-line Du-unblocking Acupuncture plus Schroth Training for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis. Shanghai J Acupunct Moxibustion 2021;5:611-615.
- Yang R, Tian JH, Liu C. Clinical Study on Electroacupuncture Combined with Traction for Degenerative Scoliosis. J New Chin Med 2017;2:132-134.
- Martinez-Llorens J, Ramirez M, Colomina MJ, Molina A, Cacere E, Gea J. Muscle dysfunction and exercise limitation in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Eur Respir J 2010;36:393-400. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00025509
- Liu CT, Chen KC, Chiu EH. Adult degenerative scoliosis treated by acupuncture. J Altern Complement Med 2009;15:935-937. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2008.0515
- Weiss HR, Bohr S, Jahnke, Pleines S. Acupucture in the treatment of scoliosis - a single blind controlled pilot study. Scoliosis 2008;3:4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-7161-3-4
- Boehland T, Montgomery AD, Mortenson M. Combination Acupuncture and Cupping for Treating Adult Idiopathic Scoliosis. Med Acupunct 2020;32:229-233. https://doi.org/10.1089/acu.2020.1411
- Mauroy JC. Idiopathic scoliosis and chaos. Stud Health Technol Inform 2008;135:53-57.
- Sink EL, Karol LA, Sanders J, Birch JG, Johnston CE, Herring JA. Efficacy of perioperative halo-gravity traction in the treatment of severe scoliosis in children. J Pediatr Orthop 2001;21:519-524. https://doi.org/10.1097/01241398-200107000-00020
- Kuroki H. Brace Treatment for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis. J Clin Med 2018;7:136. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7060136
- Park JH, Jeon HS, Park HW. Effects of the Schroth exercise on idiopathic scoliosis: A meta-analysis. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2018;54:440-449.
- Kuru T, Yeldan I, Dereli EE, Ozdincler AR, Dikici F, Colak I. The efficacy of three-dimensional Schroth exercises in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a andomized controlled clinical trial. Clin Rehabil 2016;30:181-190. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215515575745
- Bialosky JE, Bishop MD, Price DD, Robinson ME, George SZ. The mechanisms of manual therapy in the treatment of musculoskeletal pain: A comprehensive model. Man Ther 2009;14:531-538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2008.09.001
- Lehtola V, Korhonen I, Airaksinen O. A randomised, placebo-controlled, clinical trial for the short-term effectiveness of manipulative therapy and acupuncture on pain caused by mechanical thoracic spine dysfunction. Int Musculoskelet Med 2010;32:25-32. https://doi.org/10.1179/175361410X12652805807558
- Takayama S, Watanabe M, Kusuyama H, Nagase S, Seki T, Nakazawa T et al. Evaluation of the effects of acupuncture on blood flow in humans with ultrasound color Doppler imaging. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012;2012:513638.
- Kim SY, Min SR, Lee HS, Cheon SY, Zhang XY, Park JY et al. Changes of Local Blood Flow in Response to Acupuncture Stimulation: A Systematic Review. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2016;2016:9874207.
- Liu SY, Hsieh CL, Wei TS, Liu PT, Chang YJ, Li TC. Acupuncture stimulation improves balance function in stroke patients: A sole-blinded controlled, randomized study. Am J Chin Med. 2009; 37:483-494. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X09006990
- Li ZJ, Wang X, Sun JQ, Wang YZ, Wen YL, Tian W et al. Effect of fire-needle intervention on joint function, cartilage impairment and inflammatory response in knee osteoarthritis rats. Zhen Ci Yan Jiu 2020;45:220-226.
- Wang Y, Xie X, Zhu X, Chu MJ, Lu YH, Tian T et al. Fire-Needle Moxibustion for the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Meta-Analysis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2016; 2016:1392627.
- Zhao Y, Fang W, Qin WK. Thinking of therapeutic mechanism of small knife needle in treating closed myofascitis. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu 2014;34:907-909.
- Yang XY, Chen ZR, Zhao DC, Guo J. Clinical eff icacy evaluation of needle-knife for lumber disc herniation based on surface electromyography signals. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu 2014;34:798-800.
- Shin HJ, Lee DJ, Kwon K, Seo HS, Jeong HS, Lee JY et al. The Success of Thread-embedding Therapy in Generating Hair Re-growth in Mice Points to Its Possibly Having a Similar Effect in Humans. J Pharmacopuncture 2015;18:20-25. https://doi.org/10.3831/KPI.2015.18.033
- Lee KH, Lee DH, Kwon KR, Park HS, Park YY. A literary study on embedding therapy. J Pharmacopuncture 2003;6:15-21. https://doi.org/10.3831/KPI.2003.6.3.015
- Shin HJ, Lee DJ, Kwon K, Seo HY, Jeng HS, Lee JY et al. The Success of Thread-embedding Therapy in Generating Hair Re-growth in Mice Points to Its Possibly Having a Similar Effect in Humans. J Pharmacopuncture 2015;18:20-25. https://doi.org/10.3831/KPI.2015.18.033
- Cabioglu MT, Lseri SO, Coban AE, Coban FZ. Role of acupuncture in stress management. Marmara Pharmaceutical J 2012;16:107-114.
- Li QQ, Shi GX, Xu Q, Wang J, Liu CZ, Wang LP. Acupuncture effect and central autonomic regulation. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013;2013:267959.
- Liu NY, Jin HZ, Li Y, Ma GZ, Ji B. Clinical Study on Treatment of 13 Cases of Juvenile Idiopathic Scoliosis with Electroacupuncture and Chiropractic. Jiangsu J Tradit Chin Med 2003;08:41-42.
- Min ZW, Yang LQ. Research on the Clinical Value of Small Needle Knife Combined with Comprehensive Rehabilitation for Athlete Scoliosis. Pract Clin J Integr Tradit Chin Western Med 2019;01:80-81.
- Wei H, Du HG, Ye SL, Xu JY, Jiang Z, Yu JW. Randomized Control Study of Spinal Balance Method of TCM in Treatment of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis. Chin Arch Tradit Chin Med 2014;32:1070-1073.
- Zheng ZW. Clinical Observation on the Treatment of Adolescent Scoliosis with Traditional Chinese Medicine. Chin J Convalescent Med 2017;26:1055-1056.
- Shen JP, Li HL. Influences of combined therapies with traditional Chinese medicine on pulmonary function and surface average electromyogram ratio in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients. Med J Chin People Liberation Army 2016;41:668-672.
- White A. The Safety of Acupuncture - Evidence from the UK. Acupunct Med 2006;24:53-57. https://doi.org/10.1136/aim.24.Suppl.53
- Shea KG, Stevens PM, Nelson M, Smith JT, Masters KS, Yandow S. A comparison of manual versus computer-assisted radiographic measurement. Intraobserver measurement variability for Cobb angles. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1998;23:551-555. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199803010-00007