Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the Korean Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry (IPET) through the Crop Viruses and Pests Response Industry Technology Development Program, funded by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs (MAFRA; Grant No. 320042-5).
References
- Albertini, C., Gredt, M. and Leroux, P. 1999. Mutations of the β-tubulin gene associated with different phenotypes of benzimidazole resistance in the cereal eyespot fungi Tapesia yallundae and Tapesia acuformis. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 64:17-31. https://doi.org/10.1006/pest.1999.2406
- Bradley, C. A., Lamey, H. A., Endres, G. J., Henson, R. A., Hanson, B. K., McKay, K. R., Halvorson, M., LeGare, D. G. and Porter, P. M. 2006. Efficacy of fungicides for control of Sclerotinia stem rot of canola. Plant Dis. 90:1129-1134. https://doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-1129
- Chen, S. N., Shang, Y., Wang, Y., Schnabel, G., Lin, Y., Yin, L. F. and Luo, C. X. 2014. Sensitivity of Monilinia fructicola from peach farms in China to four fungicides and characterization of isolates resistant to carbendazim and azoxystrobin. Plant Dis. 98:1555-1560.
- Chung, W.-H., Chung, W.-C., Peng, M.-T., Yang, H.-R. and Huang, J.-W. 2010. Specific detection of benzimidazole resistance in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides from fruit crops by PCR-RFLP. N. Biotechnol. 27:17-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2009.10.004
- Chung, W.-H., Ishii, H., Nishimura, K., Fukaya, M., Yano, K. and Kajitani, Y. 2006. Fungicide sensitivity and phylogenetic relationship of anthracnose fungi isolated from various fruit crops in Japan. Plant Dis. 90:506-512. https://doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-0506
- Damm, U., Cannon, P. F., Woudenberg, J. H. C. and Crous, P. W. 2012. The Colletotrichum acutatum species complex. Stud. Mycol. 73:37-113. https://doi.org/10.3114/sim0010
- Davidse, L. C. and Flach, W. 1977. Differential binding of methyl benzimidazol-2-yl carbamate to fungal tubulin as a mechanism of resistance to this antimitotic agent in mutant strains of Aspergillus nidulans. J. Cell Biol. 72:174-193. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.72.1.174
- Fungicide Resistance Action Committee. 2022. FRAC code list 2022: fungal control agents sorted by cross-resistance pattern and mode of action (including coding for FRAC Groups on product labels). URL https://www.frac.info/docs/defaultsource/publications/frac-code-list/frac-code-list-2022--final.pdf?sfvrsn=b6024e9a_2 on 24/04/2022 [2 June 2022].
- Goes, A. and Kimati, H. 1998. Colletotrichum acutatum, agente causal da queda prematura dos frutos citricos: resistente ou insensivel a benomyl? Summa Phytopathol. 24:246-253.
- Hartill, W. F. T. 1986. Resistance of plant pathogens to fungicides in New Zealand. N. Z. J. Exp. Agric. 14:239-245. https://doi.org/10.1080/03015521.1986.10423035
- Hwang, S., Kim, H.-R., Kim, J., Park, J.-H., Lee, S.-B., Cheong, S.-R. and Kim, H. T. 2010. Sensitivity of Colletotrichum spp. isolated from grapes in Korea to carbendazim and the mixture of carbendazim plus diethofencarb. Plant Pathol. J. 26:49-56. https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.2010.26.1.049
- Isa, D. A., Min, J. Y. and Kim, H.-T. 2021. Responses to carbendazim and analysis of field populations of Colletotrichum spp. isolated from several host plants. Korean J. Pestic. Sci. 25:73-81 (in Korean). https://doi.org/10.7585/kjps.2021.25.2.73
- Ishii, H. and Yamaguchi, A. 1977. Tolerance of Venturia nashicola to thiophanate-methyl and benomyl in Japan. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 43:557-561. https://doi.org/10.3186/jjphytopath.43.557
- Jones, A. L. and Walker, R. J. 1976. Tolerance of Venturia inaequalis to dodine and benzimidazole fungicides in Michigan. Plant Dis. Rep. 60:40-44.
- Kim, J., Min, J. Y., Bae, Y. S. and Kim, H. T. 2009. Molecular analysis of Botrytis cinerea causing ginseng grey mold resistant to carbendazim and the mixture of carbendazim plus diethofencarb. Plant Pathol. J. 25:322-327. https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.2009.25.4.322
- Kim, J. T., Park, S.-Y., Choi, W., Lee, Y.-H. and Kim, H. T. 2008. Characterization of Colletotrichum isolates causing anthracnose of pepper in Korea. Plant Pathol. J. 24:17-23. https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.2008.24.1.017
- Kim, S., Min, J. and Kim, H. T. 2019. Occurrence and mechanism of fungicide resistance in Colletotrichum acutatum causing pepper anthracnose against pyraclostrobin. Korean J. Pestic. Sci. 23:202-211 (in Korean). https://doi.org/10.7585/kjps.2019.23.3.202
- Kim, Y.-S., Min, J. Y., Kang, B. K., Van Bach, N., Choi, W. B., Park, E. W. and Kim, H. T. 2007. Analysis of the less benzimidazole-sensitivity of the isolates of Colletotrichum spp. causing the anthracnose in pepper and strawberry. Plant Pathol. J. 23:187-192.
- Martin, R. J. 1997. Modes of action of anthelmintic drugs. Vet. J. 154:11-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-0233(05)80005-X
- Moreira, R. R., Peres, N. A. and May De Mio, L. L. 2019. Colletotrichum acutatum and C. gloeosporioides species complexes associated with apple in Brazil. Plant Dis. 103:268-275. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-07-18-1187-RE
- Park, K. S. and Kim, C. H. 1992. Identification, distribution, and etiological characteristics of anthracnose fungi of red pepper in Korea. Korean J. Plant Pathol. 8:61-69.
- Peres, N. A. R., Sauza, N. L., Peever, T. L. and Timmer, L. W. 2004. Benomyl sensitivity of isolates of Colletotrichum acutatum and C. gloeosporioides from citrus. Plant Dis. 88:125-130. https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.2.125
- Ross, R. G. and Newberry, R. J. 1985. Tolerance to benomyl of Venturia inaequalis in Nova Scotia. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 7:435-437. https://doi.org/10.1080/07060668509501675
- Sedlakova, B. and Lebeda, A. 2008. Fungicide resistance in Czech populations of cucurbit powdery mildews. Phytoparasitica 36:272-289. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02980774
- Staub, T. 1991. Fungicide resistance: practical experience with antiresistance strategies and the role of integrated use. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 29:421-442. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.29.090191.002225
- Weir, B. S., Johnston, P. R. and Damm, U. 2012. The Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex. Stud. Mycol. 73:115-180. https://doi.org/10.3114/sim0011
- Yan, L., Chen, J., Zhang, C. and Ma, Z. 2007. Molecular characterization of benzimidazole-resistant isolates of Cladosporium fulvum. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 278:242-248. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00999.x