Toxicological Research

  • 제37권4호
  • /
  • Pages.405-419
  • /
  • 2021
  • /
  • 1976-8257(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2234-2753(eISSN)
한국독성학회 (Korean Society of Toxicology & Korea Environmental Mutagen Society)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Trans-disciplinary diagnosis for an in-depth reform of regulatory expertise in the field of environmental toxicology and security

  • de Vendomois, Joel Spiroux (Committee for Independent Research and Information on Genetic Engineering (CRIIGEN)) ;
  • Bourdineaud, Jean‑Paul (CNRS, UMR 5234, Laboratory of Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, University of Bordeaux) ;
  • Apoteker, Arnaud (Committee for Independent Research and Information on Genetic Engineering (CRIIGEN)) ;
  • Defarge, Nicolas (Committee for Independent Research and Information on Genetic Engineering (CRIIGEN)) ;
  • Gaillard, Emilie (Committee for Independent Research and Information on Genetic Engineering (CRIIGEN)) ;
  • Lepage, Corinne (Committee for Independent Research and Information on Genetic Engineering (CRIIGEN)) ;
  • Testart, Jacques (Committee for Independent Research and Information on Genetic Engineering (CRIIGEN)) ;
  • Velot, Christian (Committee for Independent Research and Information on Genetic Engineering (CRIIGEN))
  • 투고 : 2020.05.28
  • 심사 : 2020.11.04
  • 발행 : 2021.10.15
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

Repeated health and environmental scandals, the loss of biodiversity and the recent burst of chronic diseases constantly remind us the inability of public authorities and risk assessment agencies to protect health and the environment. After reviewing the main shortcomings of our evaluation system of chemicals and new technologies, supported by some concrete examples, we develop a number of proposals to reform both the risk assessment agencies and the evaluation processes. We especially propose the establishment of an independent structure, a High Authority of Expertise, supervising, either at European level or at national level, all the evaluation agencies, and ensuring the transparency, the methodology and the deontology of the expertise. In addition to modifying the evaluation protocols, both in their nature and in their content, especially in order to adapt them to current pollutants such as endocrine disruptors, we propose a reform of the expertise processes based on transparency, contradiction, and greater democracy, including close collaboration between the institutional and scientific parties on the one hand and the whole civil society on the other. All the proposals we make are inspired by the desire to prevent, through appropriate mechanisms, the human, health, ecological, but also economic consequences of contemporary technological choices.

키워드

과제정보

This work was supported by the Foundations Lea Nature (Grant no 00848) and Un Monde par Tous (Grant no. 00081254). We are grateful to Mark and Nelly Slater, and Adelaide Leopoldes for proofreading the English.

참고문헌

  1. Garcia J, Ventura MI, Requena M, Hernandez AF, Parron T, Alarcona R (2017) Association of reproductive disorders and male congenital anomalies with environmental exposure to endocrine active pesticides. Reprod Toxicol 71:95-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.04.011
  2. Haraux E, Braun K, Buisson P, Stephan-Blanchard E, Devauchelle C, Ricard J, Boudailliez B, Tourneux P, Gouron R, Chardon K (2017) Maternal exposure to domestic hair cosmetics and occupational endocrine disruptors is associated with a higher risk of hypospadias in the offspring. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14:27. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010027
  3. Yach D, Hawkes C, Gould CL, Hofman KJ (2004) The global burden of chronic diseases: overcoming impediments to prevention and control. JAMA 291:2616-2622. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.21.2616
  4. Yach D, Leeder SR, Bell J, Kistnasamy B (2005) Global chronic diseases. Science 307:317. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.307.5708.317
  5. Raleigh VS (2019) Trends in life expectancy in EU and other OECD countries: why are improvements slowing? OECD Health Working Papers no. 108: http://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/health-working-papers.htm
  6. Robine JM, Cambois E (2013) Healthy life expectancy in Europe. Popul Soc 499:1-4 https://doi.org/10.3917/popsoc.499.0001
  7. Cambois E, Blachier A, Robine JM (2012) Aging and health in France: an unexpected expansion of disability in mid-adulthood over recent years. Eur J Public Health 23:575-581. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cks136
  8. Yo JY, Hendi AS (2018) Recent trends in life expectancy across high income countries: retrospective observational study. BMJ 362:k2562. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k2562
  9. Olshansky SJ, Passaro DJ, Hershow RC, Layden J, Carnes BA, Brody J, Hayflick L, Butler RN, Allison DB, Ludwig DS (2005) A potential decline in life expectancy in the United States in the 21st century. N Engl J Med 352:1138-1145. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsr043743
  10. Adeyi O, Smith O, Robles S (2007) Public policy and the challenge of chronic noncommunicable diseases. World Bank eLibrary. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-7044-5
  11. Antoni S, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Znaor A, Jemal A, Bray F (2017) Bladder cancer incidence and mortality: a global overview and recent trends. Eur Urol 71:96-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2016.06.010
  12. Bailey CE, Hu CY, You YN, Bednarski BK, Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Skibber JM, Cantor SB, Chang GJ (2015) Increasing disparities in age-related incidence of colon and rectal cancer in the United States, 1975-2010. JAMA Surg 150:17-22. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2014.1756
  13. Ghoncheh M, Pournamdar Z, Salehiniya H (2016) Incidence and mortality and epidemiology of breast cancer in the world. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 17:43-46. https://doi.org/10.7314/apjcp.2016.17.s3.43
  14. Lim H, Devesa SS, Sosa JA, Check D, Kitahara CM (2017) Trends in thyroid cancer incidence and mortality in the United States, 1974-2013. JAMA 317:1338-1348. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.2719
  15. Smith-Palmer J, Takizawa C, Valentine W (2019) Literature review of the burden of prostate cancer in Germany, France, the United Kingdom and Canada. BMC Urol 19:19-35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12894-019-0448-6
  16. Roth GA, Huffman MD, Moran AE, Feigin V, Mensah GA, Naghavi M, Murray CJL (2015) Global and regional patterns in cardiovascular mortality from 1990 to 2013. Circulation 132:1667-1678. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.114.008720
  17. Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration (2017) Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of Life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years for 32 cancer groups, 1990-2015. JAMA Oncol 3:524-548. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.5688
  18. GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (2016) Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 388:1459-1544. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1
  19. Lopez-Suarez A (2019) Burden of cancer attributable to obesity, type 2 diabetes and associated risk factors. Metab Clin Exp 92:136-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2018.10.013
  20. Pearce N, Kromhout H (2014) Neurodegenerative disease: the next occupational disease epidemic? Occup Environ Med 71:594-595. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2013-101943
  21. Gaspari L, Sampaio DR, Paris F, Audran F, Orsini M, Neto JB, Sultan C (2012) High prevalence of micropenis in 2710 male newborns from an intensive-use pesticide area of Northeastern Brazil. Int J Androl 35:253-264. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01241.x
  22. Sultan C, Paris F, Terouanne B, Balaguer P, Georget V, Poujol N, Jeandel C, Lumbroso S, Nicolas JC (2001) Disorders linked to insufficient androgen action in male children. Hum Reprod 7:314-322. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/7.3.314
  23. Sultan C, Gaspari L, Kalfa N, Paris F (2012) Clinical expression of precocious puberty in girls. Endocr Dev 22:84-100. https://doi.org/10.1159/000334304
  24. Ferguson M, Lorenzen-Schmidt I, Pyle WG (2019) Bisphenol S rapidly depresses heart function through estrogen receptor-β and decreases phospholamban phosphorylation in a sex-dependent manner. Sci Rep 9:15948. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52350-y
  25. Mustieles V, Perez-Lobato R, Olea N, Fernandez MF (2015) Bisphenol A: human exposure and neurobehavior. NeuroToxicology 49:174-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2015.06.002
  26. Harari F, Barregard L, Ostling G, Sallsten G, Hedblad B, Forsgard N, Borne Y, Fagerberg B, Engstrom G (2019) Blood lead levels and risk of atherosclerosis in the carotid artery: results from a Swedish cohort. Environ Health Perspect 127:127002. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5057
  27. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2018) DDT, Lindane, and 2,4-D. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, vol 113. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon
  28. Kao CC, Que DE, Bongo SJ, Tayo LL, Lin YH, Lin CW, Lin SL, Gou YY, Hsu WL, Shy CG, Huang KL, Tsai MH, Chao HR (2019) Residue levels of organochlorine pesticides in breast milk and its associations with cord blood thyroid hormones and the offspring's neurodevelopment. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16:1438. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081438
  29. Paris C, Thaon I, Herin F, Clin B, Lacourt A, Luc A, Coureau G, Brochard P, Chamming's S, Gislard A, Galan P, Hercberg S, Wild P, Pairon JC, Andujar P (2017) Occupational asbestos exposure and incidence of colon and rectal cancers in French men: the asbestos-related diseases cohort. Environ Health Perspect 125:409-415. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP153
  30. Warner M, Mocarelli P, Brambilla P, Wesselink A, Samuels S, Signorini S, Eskenazi B (2013) Diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and obesity in relation to serum dioxin concentrations: the Seveso women's health study. Environ Health Perspect 121:906-911. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1206113
  31. Morgenstern R, Whyatt RM, Insel BJ, Calafat AM, Liu X, Rauh VA, Herbstman J, Bradwin G, Factor-Litvak P (2017) Phthalates and thyroid function in preschool age children: sex specific associations. Environ Int 106:11-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.05.007
  32. Demeneix B (2014) Losing our minds: how environmental pollution impairs human intelligence and mental health. University Press, Oxford
  33. Kalfa N, Paris F, Philibert P, Orsini M, Broussous S, Fauconnet-Servant N, Audran F, Gaspari L, Lehors H, Haddad M, Guys JM, Reynaud R, Alessandrini P, Merrot T, Wagner K, Kurzenne JY, Bastiani F, Breaud J, Valla JS, Lacombe GM, Dobremez E, Zahhaf A, Daures JP, Sultan C (2015) Is hypospadias associated with prenatal exposure to endocrine disruptors? A French collaborative controlled study of a cohort of 300 consecutive children without genetic defect. Eur Urol 68:1023-1030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2015.05.008
  34. Oudir M, Chader H, Bouzid B, Bendisari K, Latreche B, Boudalia S, Iguer-ouada M (2018) Male rat exposure to low dose of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate during pre-pubertal, pubertal and post-pubertal periods: impact on sperm count, gonad histology and testosterone secretion. Reprod Toxicol 75:33-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.11.004
  35. Riad MA, Abd-Rabo MM, Abd El Aziz SA, El Behairy AM, Badawy MM (2018) Reproductive toxic impact of subchronic treatment with combined butylparaben and triclosan in weanling male rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 32:e22037. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbt.22037
  36. Rittler M, tilla EE (2002) Endocrine disruptors and congenital anomalies. Cadernos de Saude Publica Rio de Janeiro 18:421-428. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2002000200006
  37. Skakkebaek NE, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Main KM (2001) Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects. Hum Reprod 16:972-978. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/16.5.972
  38. Sultan C, Balaguer P, Terouanne B, Georget V, Paris F, Jeandel C, Lumbroso S, Nicolas J-C (2001) Environmental xenoestrogens, antiandrogens and disorders of male sexual differentiation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 178:99-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0303-7207(01)00430-0
  39. Rochefort H (2017) Endocrine disruptors (EDs) and hormone-dependent cancers: correlation or causal relationship? C R Biol 340:439-445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2017.07.007
  40. Samtani R, Sharma N, Garg D (2018) Effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and epigenetic modifications in ovarian cancer: a review. Reprod Sci 25:7-18. https://doi.org/10.1177/1933719117711261
  41. Soyer-Gobillard MO, Paris F, Gaspari L, Courtet P, Sultan C (2015) Association between fetal DES-exposure and psychiatric disorders in adolescence/adulthood: evidence from a French cohort of 1002 prenatally exposed children. Gynecol Endocrinol 32:25-29. https://doi.org/10.3109/09513590.2015.1063604
  42. Van Cauwenbergh O, Di Serafino A, Tytgat J, Soubry A (2020) Transgenerational epigenetic effects from male exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds: a systematic review on research in mammals. Clin Epigenet 12:65. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13148-020-00845-1
  43. Blus LJ, Gish CD, Belisle AA, Prouty RM (1972) Further analysis of the logarithmic relationship of DDE residues to eggshell thinning. Nature 240:164-166. https://doi.org/10.1038/240164b0
  44. Carlson R (1962) Silent spring. The Riverside Press, Boston
  45. Chanin PRF, Jefferies DJ (1978) The decline of the otter Lutra lutra in Britain: an analysis of hunting records and discussion of causes. Biol J Linn Soc 10:305-328. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1978.tb00018.x
  46. Guillette LJ Jr, Gross TS, Masson GR, Matter JM, Percival HF, Woodward AR (1994) Developmental abnormalities of the gonad and abnormal sex hormone concentrations in juvenile alligators from contaminated and control lakes in Florida. Environ Health Perspect 102:680-688. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.94102680
  47. Hartsough GR, Burger D (1965) Encephalopathy of mink. I. Epizootiologic and clinical observations. J Infect Dis 115:387-392. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/115.4.387
  48. Hutchinson JD, Simmonds MP (1994) Organochlorine contamination in pinnipeds. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 136:123-167. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2656-7_4
  49. Jefferies DJ, French MC, Stebbings RE (1974) Pollution and mammals (Monk's Wood Experimental Station Report for 1972-1973). N.E.R.C, Huntingdon
  50. Mason CF, Ford TC, Last NI (1986) Organochlorine residues in British otters. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 36:656-661. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01623565
  51. Sumpter JP, Jobling S (1995) Vitellogenesis as a biomarker for estrogenic contamination of the aquatic environment. Environ Health Perspect 103:173-178. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.95103s7173
  52. Angle BM, Do RP, Ponzi D, Stahlhut RW, Drury BE, Nagel SC, Welshons WV, Besch-Williford CL, Palanza P, Parmigiani S, vom Saal FS, Taylor JA (2013) Metabolic disruption in male mice due to fetal exposure to low but not high doses of bisphenol A (BPA): evidence for effects on body weight, food intake, adi-pocytes, leptin, adiponectin, insulin and glucose regulation. Reprod Toxicol 42:256-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.07.017
  53. Gioiosa L, Palanza P, Parmigiani S, vom Saal FS (2015) Risk evaluation of endocrine-disrupting chemicals: effects of developmental exposure to low doses of bisphenol A on behavior and physiology in mice (Mus musculus). Dose Resp Int J. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559325815610760
  54. Vandenberg LN, Hunt PA, Myers JP, vom Saal FS (2013) Human exposures to bisphenol A: mismatches between data and assumptions. Rev Environ Health 28:37-58. https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2012-0034
  55. Chen Zee E, Cornet P, Lazimi G, Rondet C, Lochard M, Magnier AM, Ibanez G (2013) Impact of endocrine disrupting chemicals on birth outcomes. Gynecol Obstet Fert 41:601-610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gyobfe.2013.08.012
  56. Selevan SG, Kimmel CA, Mendola P (2000) Identifying critical windows of exposure for children's health. Environ Health Perspect 108:451-455. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.00108s3451
  57. Anway MD, Cupp AS, Uzumcu M, Skinner MK (2005) Epigenetic transgenerational actions of endocrine disruptors and male fertility. Science 308:1466-1469. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1108190
  58. Fenichel P, Brucker-Davis F, Chevalier N (2015) The history of Distilbene® (Diethylstilbestrol) told to grandchildren-the transgenerational effect. Ann Endocrinol 76:253-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ando.2015.03.008
  59. Mesnage R, Antoniou MN (2018) Ignoring adjuvant toxicity falsifies the safety profile of commercial pesticides. Front Public Health 5:361. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00361
  60. Mesnage R, Defarge N, Spiroux de Vendomois J, Seralini G-E (2014) Major pesticides are more toxic to human cells than their declared active principles. BioMed Res Int. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/179691
  61. Defarge N, Takacs E, Laura Lozano V, Mesnage R, Spiroux de Vendomois J, Seralini G-E, Szekacs A (2016) Co-formulants in glyphosate-based herbicides disrupt aromatase activity in human cells below toxic levels. Int J Environ Res Public Health 13:264. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13030264
  62. Mesnage R, Bernay B, Seralini G-E (2013) Ethoxylated adjuvants of glyphosate-based herbicides are active principles of human cell toxicity. Toxicology 313:122-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2012.09.006
  63. Srivastava S, Mishra S, Tripathi RD, Dwivedi S, Gupta DK (2006) Copper-induced oxidative stress and responses of antioxidants and phytochelatins in Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle. Aquat Toxicol 80:405-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.10.006
  64. Magdaleno A, Peralta Gavensky M, Fassiano AV, Rios de Molina MC, Santos M, March H, Moretton J, Juarez AB (2015) Phytotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment of imazethapyr herbicide using a battery of bioassays. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:19194-19202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5103-5
  65. Health Canada (2010) Imazethapyr-Proposed re-evaluation decision. Report No PVRD2010-02, Pest management Regulatory Agency, Ottawa, Ontario. https://healthcanada.gc.ca/pmra
  66. Ineris (2011) Fiche de donnees toxicologiques et environnementales des substances chimiques: Cadmium et ses derives. https://substances.ineris.fr/fr/substance/getDocument/2728
  67. Spehar RL, Anderson RL, Fiandt JT (1978) Toxicity and bioaccumulation of cadmium and lead in aquatic invertebrates. Environ Pollut 15:195-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-9327(78)90065-4
  68. van Leeuwen CJ, Luttmer WJ, Griffioen PS (1985) The use of cohorts and populations in chronic toxicity studies with Daphnia magna: a cadmium example. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 9:26-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-6513(85)90031-4
  69. Baldantoni D, Morra L, Zaccardelli M, Alfani A (2016) Cadmium accumulation in leaves of leafy vegetables. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 123:89-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.05.019
  70. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2001) IRIS (Integrated Risk Information System), Methylmercury (MeHg); RN 22967-92-6. https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/iris_documents/documents/subst/0073_summary.pdf
  71. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) (2007) Methylmercury. https://apps.who.int/food-additives-contaminants-jecfa-database/chemical.aspx?chemID=3083
  72. Vineis P, Saracci R (2015) Conflicts of interest matter and awareness is needed. J Epidemiol Community Health 69:1018-1020. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2014-205012
  73. Corporate Europe Observatory (2017) Nearly half the experts from the European Food Safety Authority have financial conflicts of interest. https://corporateeurope.org/en/pressreleases/2017/06/nearly-half-experts-european-food-safety-authority-have-financial-conflicts
  74. Taz newspaper (2015) Wir sind nicht immer die Bosen. https://taz.de/Kontrolle-von-Chemie-wie-Glyphosat/!5014865/
  75. Corporate Europe Observatory (2017) Conflicts of interest scandals at EFSA: a non-exhaustive chronology of recent events. https://corporateeurope.org/en/food-and-agriculture/efsa/chronology
  76. Seralini G-E, Clair E, Mesnage R, Gress S, Defarge N, Malatesta M, Hennequin D, Spiroux de Vendomois J (2012) Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize. Food Chem Toxicol 50:4221-4231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.08.005
  77. Gillam C (2017) Whitewash: the story of a weed killer, cancer, and the corruption of science. Island Press, Washington, DC
  78. Sourcewatch (2018) International Life Science Institute. https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/International_Life_Sciences_Institute
  79. Krimsky S, Gillam C (2018) Roundup litigation discovery documents: implications for public health and journal ethics. J Public Health Policy 39:318-326. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41271-018-0134-z
  80. Meyer H, Hilbeck A (2013) Rat feeding studies with genetically modified maize-a comparative evaluation of applied methods and risk assessment standards. Environ Sci Eur 25:33-43. https://doi.org/10.1186/2190-4715-25-33
  81. Blumenthal D (2003) Academic-industrial relationships in the life sciences. N Engl J Med 349:2452-2459. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMhpr035460
  82. Diels J, Cunha M, Manaia C, Sabugosa-Madeira B, Silva M (2011) Association of financial or professional conflict of interest to research outcomes on health risks or nutritional assessment studies of genetically modified products. Food Policy 361:197-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.11.016
  83. Lesser LI, Ebbeling CB, Goozner M, Wypij D, Ludwig DS (2007) Relationship between funding source and conclusion among nutrition-related scientifc articles. PLoS Med 4:e5. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0040005
  84. Moses H, Dorsey ER, Matheson DH, Thier SO (2005) Financial anatomy of biomedical research. JAMA 294:1333-1342. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.294.11.1333
  85. Myers JP, vom Saal FS, Akingbemi BT, Arizono K, Belcher S, Colborn T, Chahoud I, Crain DA, Farabollini F, Guillette LJ Jr, Hassold T, Ho S, Hunt PA, Iguchi T, Jobling S, Kanno J, Laufer H, Marcus M, McLachlan JA, Nadal A, Oehlmann J, Olea N, Palanza P, Parmigiani S, Rubin BS, Schoenfelder G, Sonnenschein C, Soto AM, Talsness CE, Taylor JA, Vandenberg LN, Vandenbergh JG, Vogel S, Watson CS, Welshons WV, Zoeller RT (2009) Why public health agencies cannot depend on good laboratory practices as a criterion for selecting data: the e of bisphenol A. Environ Health Perspect 117:309-315. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0800173
  86. Trasande L, Vandenberg LN, Bourguignon JP, Myers JP, Slama R, vom Saal F, Zoeller RT (2016) Peer-reviewed and unbiased research, rather than "sound science", should be used to evaluate endocrine-disrupting chemicals. J Epidemiol Community Health 70:1051-1056. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2016-207841
  87. Weber S, Burtscher-Schaden H (2019) Detailed expert report on plagiarism and superordinated copy-paste in the Renewal Assessment Report (RAR) on Glyphosate. Expert Report CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 AT), European Parliament, Brussels. https://www.greensefa.eu/files/doc/docs/298ff6ed5d6a686ec799e641082cdb63.pdf
  88. Gee D, Grandjean P, Hansen SF, van den Hove S, MacGarvin M, Martin J, Nielsen G, Quist D, Stanners D (2013) Late lessons from early warnings: science, precaution, innovation. Report No 1, European Environment Agency EEA, Copenhagen. https://doi.org/10.2800/70069
  89. Dratwa J (2002) Taking risks with the precautionary principle: food (and the environment) for thought at the European Commission. J Environ Pol Plan 4:197-213. https://doi.org/10.1002/jepp.110
  90. Aschner M, Autrup H, Berry CL, Boobis AR, Cohen SM, Dekant W, Galli C, Goodman JI, Gori GB, Greim HA, Kaminski NE, Klaassen CD, Klaunig JE, Lotti M, Marquardt HWJ, Moretto A, Pelkonen O, Glenn Sipes I, Wallace KB, Yamazaki H (2018) Obfuscating transparency? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 97:A1-A3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.07.004
  91. Seralini G-E, Cellier D, Spiroux de Vendomois J (2007) New analysis of a rat feeding study with a genetically modified maize reveals signs of hepatorenal toxicity. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 52:596-602. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-006-0149-5
  92. Hauser R, Skakkebaek NE, Hass U, Toppari J, Juul A, Andersson AM, Kortenkamp A, Heindel JJ, Trasande L (2015) Male reproductive disorders, diseases, and costs of exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the European Union. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100:1267-1277. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-4325
  93. Bellanger M, Demeneix B, Grandjean P, Zoeller RT, Trasande L (2015) Neurobehavioral deficits, diseases, and associated costs of exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the European Union. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100:1256-1266. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-4323
  94. Sciences Citoyennes (2018) Citizen conventions are needed to define European research. https://sciencescitoyennes.org/citizens-convention-are-needed-to-define-the-european-research/
  95. Piasecki F, Testart J, Fiorini C, Millot G (2018) Comprendre les conventions de citoyens. https://sciencescitoyennes.org/convention-de-citoyens/
  96. Weiss B, Stern S, Cernichiari E, Gelein R (2005) Methylmercury contamination of laboratory animal diets. Environ Health Perspect 113:1120-1122. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7816
  97. Mesnage R, Defarge N, Rocque L-M, Spiroux de Vendomois J, Seralini G-E (2015) Laboratory rodent diets contain toxic levels of environmental contaminants: implications for regulatory tests. PLoS ONE 10:e0128429. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128429
  98. vom Saal FS, Welshons WV (2006) Large effects from small exposures. II. The importance of positive controls in low-dose research on bisphenol A. Environ Res 100:50-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2005.09.001
  99. Zhang Y, Dong T, Hu W, Wang X, Xu B, Lin Z, Hofer T, Stefanoff P, Chen Y, Wang W, Xia Y (2019) Association between exposure to a mixture of phenols, pesticides, and phthalates and obesity: Comparison of three statistical models. Environ Int 123:325-336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.076
  100. Lukowicz C, Ellero-Simatos S, Regnier M, Polizzi A, Lasserre F, Montagner A, Lippi Y, Jamin EL, Martin J-F, Naylies C, Canlet C, Debrauwer L, Bertrand-Michel J, Al Saati T, Theodorou V, Loiseau N, Mselli-Lakhal L, Guillou H, Gamet-Payrastre L (2018) Metabolic effects of a chronic dietary exposure to a low-dose pesticide cocktail in mice: sexual dimorphism and role of the constitutive androstane receptor. Environ Health Perspect 126:067007-1-067007-18. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2877
  101. Spaggiari D, Daali Y, Rudaz S (2016) An extensive cocktail approach for rapid risk assessment of in vitro CYP450 direct reversible inhibition by xenobiotic exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 302:41-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2016.04.013
  102. Di Poi C, Costil K, Bouchart V, Halm-Lemeille MP (2018) Toxicity assessment of five emerging pollutants, alone and in binary or ternary mixtures, towards three aquatic organisms. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:6122-6134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9306-9
  103. Aumaitre A, Aulrich K, Chesson A, Flachowsky G, Piva G (2002) New feeds from genetically modified plants: substantial equivalence, nutritional equivalence and safety for animals and animal products. Livestock Prod Sci 74:223-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(02)00016-7
  104. Cuhra M (2015) Review of GMO safety assessment studies: glyphosate residues in Roundup Ready crops is an ignored issue. Environ Sci Eur 27:20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-015-0052-7
  105. Nicolas V, Oestreicher N, Velot C (2016) Multiple effects of a commercial Roundup® formulation on the soil filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans at low doses: evidence of an unexpected impact on energetic metabolism. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:14393-14404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6596-2
  106. Mesnage R, Oestreicher N, Poirier F, Nicolas V, Boursier C, Velot C (2020) Transcriptome profiling of the fungus Aspergillus nidulans exposed to a commercial glyphosate-based herbicide under conditions of apparent herbicide tolerance. Environ Res 182:109116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109116
  107. Poirier F, Boursier C, Mesnage R, Oestreicher N, Nicolas V, Velot C (2017) Proteomic analysis of the soil filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans exposed to a Roundup formulation at a dose causing no macroscopic effect: a functional study. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:25933-25946. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0217-6
  108. Hill CE, Myers JP, Vandenberg LN (2018) Nonmonotonic dose-response curves occur in dose ranges that are relevant to regulatory decision-making. Dose Resp Int J 16:1559325818798282. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559325818798282
  109. Delpierre C, Lepeuple J, Cordier S, Slama R, Heude B, Charles M-A (2016) DOHaD: epidemiological researches. Med Sci 32:21-26. https://doi.org/10.1051/medsci/20163201005
  110. Dupont C, Kappeler L, Saget S, Grandjean V, Levy R (2019) Role of miRNA in the transmission of metabolic diseases associated with paternal diet-induced obesity. Front Genet 10:337. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2019.00337
  111. Safi-Stibler S, Gabory A (2020) Epigenetics and the developmental origins of health and disease: Parental environment signalling to the epigenome, critical time windows and sculpting the adult phenotype. Semin Cell Dev Biol 97:172-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.09.00
  112. Sdona E, Brian D, Malamitsi-Puchner A (2019) Impact of economic crises on offspring health and the developmental origins of health and disease concept. Acta Paediatr 109:453-459. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.15040
  113. de Theije CGM, Wopereis H, Ramadan M, van Eijndthoven T, Lambert J, Knol J, Garssen J, Kraneveld AD, Oozeer R (2014) Altered gut microbiota and activity in a murine model of autism spectrum disorders. Brain Behav Immun 37:197-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2013.12.005
  114. Nilsen FM, Frank J, Tulve NS (2020) A systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the relationship between exposures to chemical and non-chemical stressors during prenatal development and childhood externalizing behaviors. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17:2361. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072361
  115. de Miranda BR, Greenamyre JT (2020) Trichloroethylene, a ubiquitous environmental contaminant in the risk for Parkinson's disease. Environ Sci Process Impacts 22:543-554. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9em00578a
  116. Maradonna F, Carnevali O (2018) Lipid metabolism alteration by endocrine disruptors in animal models: an overview. Front Endocrinol 9:654. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00654
  117. Street ME, Bernasconi S (2020) Endocrine-disrupting chemicals in human fetal growth. Int J Mol Sci 21:1430. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041430
  118. La Merrill MA, Vandenberg LN, Smith MT, Goodson W, Browne P, Patisaul HB, Guyton KZ, Kortenkamp A, Cogliano VJ, Woodruff TJ, Rieswijk L, Sone H, Korach KS, Gore AC, Zeise L, Zoeller RT (2020) Consensus on the key characteristics of endocrine-disrupting chemicals as a basis for hazard identification. Nat Rev Endocrinol 16:45-57. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-019-0273-8
  119. Koppel N, Maini Rekdal V, Balskus EP (2017) Chemical transformation of xenobiotics by the human gut microbiota. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aag2770
  120. Lozano VL, Defarge N, Rocque L-M, Mesnage R, Hennequin D, sier R, Spiroux de Vendomois J, Panoff J-M, Seralini G-E, Amiel C (2018) Sex-dependent impact of Roundup on the rat gut microbiome. Toxicol Rep 5:96-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.12.005
  121. Duke SO, Baerson SR, Rimando AM (2003) Herbicides: glyphosate. In: Plimmer JR, Gammon DW, Ragsdale NN (eds) Encyclopedia of agrochemicals. Wiley, New York, pp 708-869
  122. Shaner DL, Anderson PC, Stidham MA (1984) Imidazolinones: potent inhibitors of acetohydroxyacid synthase. Plant Physiol 76:545-546. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.76.2.545
  123. Franklin CL, Ericsson AC (2017) Microbiota and reproducibility of rodent models. Lab Anim 46:114-122. https://doi.org/10.1038/laban.1222
  124. Shelnutt S, Kind J, Allaben W (2013) Bisphenol A: update on newly developed data and how they address NTP's 2008 finding of '"Some Concern."' Food Chem Toxicol 57:284-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.03.027
  125. US Environmental Protection Agency (1988) IRIS (Integrated Risk Information System), Bisphenol A; RN 80-05-07. https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/iris_documents/documents/subst/0356_summary.pdf
  126. vom Saal FS, Hughes C (2005) An extensive new literature concerning low-dose effects of bisphenol A shows the need for a new risk assessment. Environ Health Perspect 113:926-933. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7713
  127. N'Tumba-Byn T, Moison D, Lacroix M, Lecureuil C, Lesage L, Prud'homme SM, Pozzi-Gaudin S, Frydman R, Benachi A, Livera G, Rouiller-Fabre V, Habert R (2012) Differential effects of bisphenol A and diethylstilbestrol on human, rat and mouse fetal leydig cell function. PLoS ONE 7:e51579. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051579
  128. Meuleman L, in't Veld RJ (2010) Key problems of long-term decision-making-Impact of "early warnings, late decision." In: in't Veld RJ (ed) Knowledge democracy: consequences for science, politics, and media. Springer, Berlin, pp 266-267