Acknowledgement
This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (Grant no. 2021R1F1A1056078 and 2018R1D1A1A02085800)
References
- Adams LA, Lymp JF, St Sauver J, Sanderson SO, Lindor KD, Feldstein A, et al. The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A population-based cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2005;129(1):113-21. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2005.04.014
- Lieber CS. Pathogenesis and treatment of alcoholic liver disease: Progress over the last 50 years. Rocz Akad Med Bialymst. 2005;50:7-20.
- Marengo A, Jouness RI, Bugianesi E. Progression and natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adults. Clin Liver Dis. 2016;20(2):313-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cld.2015.10.010
- Sakamoto M. [1. Clinincal diagnosis and medical care of liver disease, present situation and progress]. Nihon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi. 2015;71(12):1265-74. https://doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.2015_JSRT_71.12.1265
- Han S, Ko JS, Kwon G, Park C, Lee S, Kim J, et al. Effect of pure microsteatosis on transplant outcomes after living donor liver transplantation: A matched case-control study. Liver Transpl. 2014;20(4):473-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.23824
- Kang BK, Yu ES, Lee SS, Lee Y, Kim N, Sirlin CB, et al. Hepatic fat quantification: A prospective comparison of magnetic resonance spectroscopy and analysis methods for chemical-shift gradient echo magnetic resonance imaging with histologic assessment as the reference standard. Invest Radiol. 2012;47(6):368-75. https://doi.org/10.1097/RLI.0b013e31824baff3
- Kramer H, Pickhardt PJ, Kliewer MA, Hernando D, Chen GH, Zagzebski JA, et al. Accuracy of Liver Fat Quantification With Advanced CT, MRI, and Ultrasound Techniques: Prospective Comparison with MR Spectroscopy. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2017;208(1):92-100. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.16.16565
- Wells SA. Quantification of hepatic fat and iron with magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2014;22(3):397-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mric.2014.04.010
- Wierzbicki AS, Oben J. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and lipids. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2012;23(4):345-52. https://doi.org/10.1097/mol.0b013e3283541cfc
- Hatta T, Fujinaga Y, Kadoya M, Ueda H, Murayama H, Kurozumi M, et al. Accurate and simple method for quantification of hepatic fat content using magnetic resonance imaging: A prospective study in biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Gastroenterol. 2010;45(12):1263-71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00535-010-0277-6
- Malik R, Chang M, Bhaskar K, Nasser I, Curry M, Schuppan D, et al. The clinical utility of biomarkers and the nonalcoholic steatohepatitis CRN liver biopsy scoring system in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;24(4):564-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05731.x
- Adams LA, Angulo P. Role of liver biopsy and serum markers of liver fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Liver Dis. 2007;11(1):25-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cld.2007.02.004
- Gavril RS, Mihalache L, Arhire L, Grosu C, Gherasim A, Nita O, et al. Is liver biopsy necessary in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease? Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. 2016;120(3):503-7.
- Dang J, Xu Y, Wei Y. [Quantitative diagnosis of fatty liver using mask cover of CT image]. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2003;34(1):158-9.
- Wang B, Gao Z, Zou Q, Li L. Quantitative diagnosis of fatty liver with dual-energy CT: An experimental study in rabbits. Acta Radiol. 2003;44(1):92-7. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0455.2003.00002.x
- Mendler MH, Bouillet P, Le Sidaner A, Lavoine E, Labrousse F, Sautereau D, et al. Dual-energy CT in the diagnosis and quantification of fatty liver: Limited clinical value in comparison to ultrasound scan and single-energy CT, with special reference to iron overload. J Hepatol. 1998;28(5):785-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-8278(98)80228-6
- Cutillo DP, Swayne LC, Fasciano MG, Schwartz JR. Absence of fatty replacement in radiation damaged liver: CT demonstration. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1989;13(2):259-61. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004728-198903000-00014
- Ren J, Dimitrov I, Sherry AD, Malloy CR. Composition of adipose tissue and marrow fat in humans by 1H NMR at 7 Tesla. J Lipid Res. 2008;49(9):2055-62. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.D800010-JLR200
- Hamilton G, Middleton MS, Bydder M, Yokoo T, Schwimmer JB, Kono Y, et al. Effect of PRESS and STEAM sequences on magnetic resonance spectroscopic liver fat quantification. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2009;30(1):145-52. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.21809
- Song KH, Lee MY, Yoo CH, Lim SI, Choe BY. Improved quantitative fatty acid values with correction of T2 relaxation time in terminal methyl group: In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at ultra high field in hepatic steatosis. Chem Phys Lipids. 2018;212:35-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2018.01.004
- Takahashi Y, Soejima Y, Fukusato T. Animal models of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18(19):2300-8. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v18.i19.2300
- Fischbach F, Thormann M, Ricke J. [(1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of the liver and hepatic malignant tumors at 3.0 Tesla]. Radiologe. 2004;44(12):1192-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00117-004-1136-3
- Fonvig CE, Chabanova E, Andersson EA, Ohrt JD, Pedersen O, Hansen T, et al. 1H-MRS Measured Ectopic Fat in Liver and Muscle in Danish Lean and Obese Children and Adolescents. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0135018. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135018
- Lee Y, Jee HJ, Noh H, Kang GH, Park J, Cho J, et al. In vivo (1)H-MRS hepatic lipid profiling in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: An animal study at 9.4 T. Magn Reson Med. 2013;70(3):620-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.24510
- Moreno A, Lopez LA, Fabra A, Arus C. 1H MRS markers of tumour growth in intrasplenic tumours and liver metastasis induced by injection of HT-29 cells in nude mice spleen. NMR Biomed. 1998;11(3):93-106. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1492(199805)11:3<93::AID-NBM520>3.0.CO;2-H
- Wang D, Li Y. 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy predicts hepatocellular carcinoma in a subset of patients with liver cirrhosis: A randomized trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94(27):e1066. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000001066
- Yu SM, Ki SH, Baek HM. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Correlation of the liver parenchyma fatty acid with intravoxel incoherent motion MR imaging-an experimental study in a rat model. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0139874. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139874
- Dillman JR, Trout AT, Costello EN, Serai SD, Bramlage KS, Kohli R, et al. Quantitative liver MRI-biopsy correlation in pediatric and young adult patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Can one be used to predict the other? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2018;210(1):166-74. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.17.18446
- Dixon WT. Simple proton spectroscopic imaging. Radiology. 1984;153(1):189-94. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.153.1.6089263
- Lee SS, Lee Y, Kim N, Kim SW, Byun JH, Park SH, et al. Hepatic fat quantification using chemical shift MR imaging and MR spectroscopy in the presence of hepatic iron deposition: Validation in phantoms and in patients with chronic liver disease. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2011;33(6):1390-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.22583
- Reeder SB, Bice EK, Yu H, Hernando D, Pineda AR. On the performance of T2* correction methods for quantification of hepatic fat content. Magn Reson Med. 2012;67(2):389-404. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.23016
- Agten CA, Rosskopf AB, Gerber C, Pfirrmann CW. Quantification of early fatty infiltration of the rotator cuff muscles: Comparison of multi-echo Dixon with single-voxel MR spectroscopy. Eur Radiol. 2016;26(10):3719-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-015-4144-y
- Yoo YH, Kim HS, Lee YH, Yoon CS, Paek MY, Yoo H, et al. Comparison of Multi-echo dixon methods with volume interpolated breath-hold gradient echo magnetic resonance imaging in fat-signal fraction quantification of paravertebral muscle. Korean J Radiol. 2015;16(5):1086-95. https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2015.16.5.1086
- Ishizaka K, Oyama N, Mito S, Sugimori H, Nakanishi M, Okuaki T, et al. Comparison of 1H MR spectroscopy, 3-point DIXON, and multi-echo gradient echo for measuring hepatic fat fraction. Magn Reson Med Sci. 2011;10(1):41-8. https://doi.org/10.2463/mrms.10.41
- Min JW, Jeong HW, Han JH, Lee SN, Han SY, Kim KE, et al. Study on the resolution characteristics by using magnetic resonance imaging 3.0T. Journal of Radiological Science and Technology. 2020;43(4):251-7. https://doi.org/10.17946/JRST.2020.43.4.251
- Yun SJ, Lim JS, The analysis of brain tumor's grades using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Journal of Radiological Science and Technology. 2008;31(4):355-65.