Safety and Health at Work

Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency (산업안전보건연구원)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Determining Potassium Bromate in the Inhalable Aerosol Fraction in Workplace Air with Ion Chromatography

  • Received : 2020.04.10
  • Accepted : 2020.12.13
  • Published : 2021.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Background: The article presents the results of studies performed in order to develop a new method of airborne potassium bromate(V) determination at workplaces. Methods: The method is based on a collection of the inhalable fraction of potassium bromate(V) using the IOM Sampler, then extraction of bromates with deionized water and chromatographic analysis of the obtained solution. The analysis was performed using ion chromatography with conductometric detection. The tests were performed on a Dionex IonPac®AS22 analytic column (250 × 4 mm, 6 ㎛) with AG22 precolumn (50 × 4 mm 11 ㎛). Results: The method provides for potassium bromate(V) determination within the concentration range of 0.043 ÷ 0.88 mg/m3 for an air sample of 0.72 m3 in volume, i.e., 0.1-2 times the exposure limit value as proposed in Poland. The method was validated in accordance with PN-EN 482. The obtained validation data are as follows: measuring range: 3.1-63.4 ㎍/mL, limit of detection (LOD) = 0.018 ㎍/mL and limit of quantification (LOQ) = 0.053 ㎍/mL. The developed method has been tested in the work environment, on laboratory employees having contact with potassium bromate(V). Conclusion: The analytical method allowed the determination of the inhalable fraction of airborne potassium bromate(V) at workplaces and can be used to assess occupational exposure.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This article is based on the results of a research task carried out within the scope of the fourth stage of the National Programme "Improvement of safety and working conditions" supported in 2017-2019-within the scope of research and development-by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Poland/National Center for Research and Development, Poland. The Central Institute for Labour Protection - National Research Institute (CIOP-PIB) is the programme's main coordinator.

References

  1. Pazera T, Rzemieniuk T. Browarnictwo: przemysl fermentacyjny. Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne; 1998.
  2. Dupuis B. The chemistry and toxicology of potassium bromate. Cereal Foods World 1997;42(3):171-83.
  3. Oyekunle JAO, Adekunle AS, Ogunfowokan AO, Olutona GO, Omolere OB. Bromate and trace metal levels in bread loaves from outlets within Ile-Ife Metropolis, Southwestern Nigeria. Toxicol Rep 2014;1:224-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.05.007
  4. Hazardous substances data bank [Internet]. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2019 [cited 12 June 2019]. Available from: https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/newtoxnet/hsdb.htm.
  5. WHO. Evaluation of certain food additives and naturally occurring toxicants : thirty-ninth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Technical Report Series: 828. World Health Organization; 1992. p. 29-30.
  6. Johns C, Shellie R, Potter O, O'Reilly J, Hutchinson J, Guijt R, et al. Identification of homemade inorganic explosives by ion chromatographic analysis of postblast residues. J Chromatogr A 2008;1182(2):205-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.014
  7. PN-EN ISO 17852. Water quality. Determination of mercury. Method using atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Warsaw: Polish Committee for Standardization (PKN); 2009.
  8. Mohamed AA, Al-Ghannam SM. Spectrophotometric determination of clozapine based on its oxidation with bromate in a micellar medium. Il Farmaco 2004;59(11):907-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.farmac.2004.07.008
  9. Haag W, Hoigne J. Ozonation of bromide-containing waters - kinetics of formation of hypobromous acid and bromate. Environ Sci Technol 1983;17(5): 261-7. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00111a004
  10. Bolyard M, Fair P, Hautman D. Occurrence of chlorate in hypochlorite solutions used for drinking-water disinfection. Environ Sci Technol 1992;26(8): 1663-5. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00032a028
  11. Liu C, von Gunten U, Croue J. Chlorination of bromide-containing waters: enhanced bromate formation in the presence of synthetic metal oxides and deposits formed in drinking water distribution systems. Water Res 2013;47(14):5307-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.06.010
  12. Liu C, von Gunten U, Croue J. Enhanced bromate formation during chlorination of bromide-containing waters in the presence of CuO: catalytic disproportionation of hypobromous acid. Environ Sci Technol 2012;46(20):11054-61. https://doi.org/10.1021/es3021793
  13. Kostka B, Bebek M, Mitko K. Determination of bromate (V) in drinking water by ion chromatography with conductivity detection. Przeglad Geologiczny 2010;58:69-73.
  14. Michalski R, Lyko A. Inorganic water disinfection by-products. Problems and challenges. Inzynieria I Ochrona Srodowiska 2012;15(4):353-64.
  15. Righi E, Fantuzzi G, Predieri G, Aggazzotti G. Bromate, chlorite, chlorate, haloacetic acids, and trihalomethanes occurrence in indoor swimming pool waters in Italy. Microchem J 2014;113:23-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2013.11.007
  16. Thompson K, Guinamant J, Ingrand V, Elwaer A, McLeod C, Schmitz F, et al. Interlaboratory trial to determine the analytical state-of-the-art of bromate determination in drinking water. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 2000;2(5):416-9. https://doi.org/10.1039/b004226i
  17. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer. Some chemicals that cause tumours of the kidney or urinary bladder in rodents and some other substances, iv. Lyon: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1999. 674 p.
  18. Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006; 2008.
  19. WHO. Bromate in Drinking-water. Background document for development of WHO guidelines for drinking-water quality. World Health Organization; 2005.
  20. Liu D, Wang Z, Zhu Q, Cui F, Shan Y, Liu X. Drinking water toxicity study of the environmental contaminant-bromate. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 2015;73(3):802-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.10.015
  21. Kurokawa Y, Aoki S, Matsushima Y, Takamura N, Imazawa T, Hayashi Y. Doseresponse studies on the carcinogenicity of potassium bromate IN F344 rats after long-term oral-administration. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1986;77(4):977-82.
  22. Council Directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption; 1998.
  23. De Borba BM, Rohrer JS, Pohl CA, Saini C. Determination of trace concentrations of bromate in municipal and bottled drinking waters using a hydroxideselective column with ion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2005;1085(1): 23-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2004.12.050
  24. Wisniewski J, Kabsch-Korbutowicz M, Lakomska S. Ion-exchange membrane processes for Br- and BrO3-ion removal from water and for recovery of salt from waste solution. Desalination 2014;342:175-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2013.07.007
  25. Xiao Q, Ren Y, Yu S. Pilot study on bromate reduction from drinking water by UV/sulfite systems: economic cost comparisons, effects of environmental parameters and mechanisms. Chem Eng J 2017;330:1203-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.08.071
  26. Soltermann F, Abegglen C, Tschui M, Stahel S, von Gunten U. Options and limitations for bromate control during ozonation of wastewater. Water Res 2017;116:76-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.026
  27. Bourgin M, Borowska E, Helbing J, Hollender J, Kaiser H, Kienle C, et al. Effect of operational and water quality parameters on conventional ozonation and the advanced oxidation process O-3/H2O2: kinetics of micropollutant abatement, transformation product and bromate formation in a surface water. Water Research 2017;122:234-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.05.018
  28. Canada ECaH. Screening assessment for the Challenge: bromic acid, potassium salt (potassium bromate). Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number 7758-01-2. Internet; 2010. Available from: www.ec.gc.ca/ese-ees/47CCC26F-88C5-40-4-8C3D-FE88049DC9C7/batch9_7758-01-2_en.pdf.
  29. Hara K, Osada K, Matsunaga K, Iwasaka Y, Shibata T, Furuya K. Atmospheric inorganic chlorine and bromine species in Arctic boundary layer of the winter/spring. J Geophys Res-Atmos 2002;107(D18).
  30. Starek A. Potassium bromate - inhalable fraction. Documentation of proposed values of occupational exposure limits (OELs). Princ Methods Assess Work Environ 2018;2(96):35-59.
  31. El harti J, Rahali Y, Benmoussa A, Ansar M, Benziane H, Lamsaouri J, et al. A simple and rapid method for spectrophotometric determination of bromate in bread. J Mater Environ Sci 2011;2(1):71-6.
  32. Alli LA, Nwegbu MM, Inyang B, Nwachukwu KC, Ogedengbe JO, Onaadepo O, et al. Determination of potassium bromate content in selected bread samples in Gwagwalada, Abuja-Nigeria. Int J Health Nutr 2013;4:15-20.
  33. Yan Z, Zhang Z, Yu Y, Liu Z, Chen J. Chemiluminescence determination of potassium bromate in flour based on flow injection analysis. Food Chem 2016;190:20-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.05.076
  34. Xian Y, Guo X, Hou X, Wang L, Wu Y, Chen L, et al. A modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe cleanup method followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the rapid analysis of perchlorate, bromate and hypophosphite in flour. J Chromatogr A 2017;1526:31-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2017.10.047
  35. Peng Ye, Guo W, Zhang J, Guo Q, Jin L, Hu S. Sensitive screening of bromate in drinking water by an improved ion chromatography ICP-MS method. Microchem J 2016;124:127-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2015.08.009
  36. Zhu B, Zhong Z, Yao J. Ion chromatographic determination of trace iodate, chlorite, chlorate, bromide, bromate and nitrite in drinking water using suppressed conductivity detection and visible detection. J Chromatogr A 2006;1118(1):106-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2006.01.139
  37. Guo J, Wang F, Qin Y, He G. Estimation OF bromate IN flour and flour products BY ION chromatography using post column derivatization method with triiodide. J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol 2012;36(1):1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826076.2011.644047
  38. Bruzzoniti M, De Carlo R, Sarzanini C. The challenging role of chromatography in environmental problems. Chromatographia 2011;73:S15-28.
  39. Dawood DH, Sanad MI. Determination of ions (anion and cation) by ion chromatography in drinking water from talkha territory and some its villages, Dakahlia, Egypt. J Agric Chem Biotechn 2014;5:215-26.
  40. EPA. Method 302.0. Determination of bromate in drinking water using two-dimensional ion chromatography with suppressed conductivity detection. Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency; 2009. Office of Water.
  41. EPA. Analytical methods approved for drinking water compliance monitoring under the Disinfection Byproduct Rule. Washington, DC: Environmental Protection Agency; 2014. Office of Water.
  42. PN-EN ISO 11206. Water quality. Determination of dissolved bromate. Method using ion chromatography (IC) and post column reaction (PCR). Warsaw: Polish Committee for Standardization (PKN); 2013.
  43. PN-EN ISO 15061. Water quality. Determination of dissolved bromate. Method by liquid chromatography of ions. Warsaw: Polish Committee for Standardization (PKN); 2003.
  44. PN-EN 482+A1. Workplace exposure. General requirements for the performance of procedures for the measurement of chemical agents. Warsaw: Polish Committee for Standardization (PKN); 2016.
  45. PN-ISO 8466-2. Water quality. Calibration and evaluation of analytical methods and estimation of performance characteristics. Part 2: calibration strategy for non-linear second-order calibration functions. Warsaw: Polish Committee for Standardization (PKN); 2004.
  46. PN-Z-04008-7. Air purity protection - sampling methods - principles of air sampling in work place and interpretation of results. Warsaw: Polish Committee for Standardization (PKN); 2002.