Iberoamérica (이베로아메리카)

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Background and Characteristics of the 1954 Military Coup in Guatemala

과테말라 1954년 군부 쿠데타의 배경과 특징

  • Received : 2021.10.30
  • Accepted : 2021.12.14
  • Published : 2021.12.28
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Abstract

On December 29, 1996, the Guatemala government and guerrilla group "Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemala: URNG" signed the "Guatemalan Peace Agreement," ending the civil war that lasted in Guatemala for 36 years (1960-1996). During the 36-year civil war, 200,000 people were killed or missing, and 400,000 Guatemalans fled Guatemala as a result of the civil war. In June 1954, with the help of the United States, Carlos Castillo Armas (1954-1957) coup d'état in Guatemala overthrew the then government of Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán (1950-1954). Armas later became president of Guatemala. Armas was assassinated in 1957, and a 36-year civil war began in 1958 when Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes (1958-1963), a conservative, was elected president. Armas later became president of Guatemala. Armas was assassinated in 1957, and a 36-year civil war began in 1958 when Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes (1958-1963), a conservative, was elected president. Idygoras was rated as America's puppet president for the benefit of American corporations. Although Guatemala's 36-year civil war began with the government of Idigoras, more fundamentally, the 1954 coup d'état was the cause of the 36-year civil war. The purpose of this study is to examine the background and characteristics of the 1954 coup in Guatemala.

1996년 12월 29일 과테말라 정부와 게릴라 단체인 "과테말라민족혁명연합"(Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemala: URNG) 지도자가 "과테말라평화협정"에 서명함으로써, 36년간(1960-1996) 과테말라에서 지속되었던 내전이 종식되었다. 36년 내전 동안에 사망자나 실종자는 20만 명에 이르렀고, 40만 명의 과테말라 인이 내전으로 인해서 과테말라를 떠났다. 1954년 6월 미국의 도움으로 과테말라에서 아르마스(Carlos Castillo Armas, 1954-1957)가 쿠데타를 일으켜서 당시의 아르벤즈(Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán, 1950-1954) 정부를 전복시켰다. 이후 아르마스는 과테말라의 대통령이 되었다. 1957년 아르마스는 암살되었고 1958년부터 보수 세력 출신인 이디고라스(Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes, 1958-1963)가 대통령에 당선되면서 36년 동안의 내전이 시작되었다. 이디고라스는 미국기업의 이익을 위한 미국의 꼭두각시 대통령으로 평가되었다. 과테말라의 36년간 내전은 이디고라스 정부에서 시작되었지만, 보다 근본적으로 보자면 1954년 쿠데타가 36년간 내전의 원인이라 볼 수 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 과테말라에서 1954년에 발생한 쿠데타의 배경과 특징을 살펴보는 것이다.

Keywords

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