Acknowledgement
This work was financially supported by a project of the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency of the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs of the Republic of Korea (2019-0479).
References
- Revora V, Marchesini MI, Comerci DJ. Brucella abortus depends on L-serine biosynthesis for intracellular proliferation. Infect Immun 2020;88(2):e00840-e19.
- Fero E, Juma A, Koni A, Boci J, Kirandjiski T, Connor R, et al. The seroprevalence of brucellosis and molecular characterization of Brucella species circulating in the beef cattle herds in Albania. PLoS One. 2020;15(3):e0229741. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229741
- Godfroid J, Scholz HC, Barbier T, Nicolas C, Wattiau P, Fretin D, et al. Brucellosis at the animal/ecosystem/human interface at the beginning of the 21st century. Prev Vet Med. 2011;102(2):118-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.04.007
- Alkahtani AM, Assiry MM, Chandramoorthy HC, Al-Hakami AM, Hamid ME. Sero-prevalence and risk factors of brucellosis among suspected febrile patients attending a referral hospital in southern Saudi Arabia (2014-2018). BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-4763-z
- Solera J. Update on brucellosis: therapeutic challenges. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2010;36 Suppl 1:S18-S20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.06.015
- Celli J. The intracellular life cycle of Brucella spp. Microbiol Spectr 2019;7(2):1-11. https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.BAI-0006-2019
- Ahmed W, Zheng K, Liu ZF. Establishment of chronic infection: Brucella's stealth strategy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2016;6:30. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2016.00030
- Reyes AW, Hop HT, Arayan LT, Huy TX, Park SJ, Kim KD, et al. The host immune enhancing agent Korean red ginseng oil successfully attenuates Brucella abortus infection in a murine model. J Ethnopharmacol. 2017;198:5-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.12.026
- Carta G, Murru E, Banni S, Manca C. Palmitic acid: physiological role, metabolism and nutritional implications. Front Physiol. 2017;8:902. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00902
- Reyes AW, Arayan LT, Huy TX, Vu SH, Min W, Hur J, et al. β-sitosterol contributes in the resistance to invasion and survival of Brucella abortus 544 within RAW264.7 cells, and cytokine production with reduced susceptibility to infection in BALB/c mice. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2020;30(4):482-489. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1909.09052
- Reyes AW, Vu SH, Huy TX, Min W, Lee HJ, Chang HH, et al. Modulatory effect of linoleic acid during Brucella abortus 544 infection in murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells and murine model BALB/c mice. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2020;30(5):642-648. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1911.11037
- Babu U, Wiesenfeld P, Gaines D, Raybourne RB. Effect of long chain fatty acids on Salmonella killing, superoxide and nitric oxide production by chicken macrophages. Int J Food Microbiol. 2009;132(1):67-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.03.017
- Pei J, Kahl-McDonagh M, Ficht TA. Brucella dissociation is essential for macrophage egress and bacterial dissemination. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2014;4:23. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2014.00023
- Lokesh BR, Wrann M. Incorporation of palmitic acid or oleic acid into macrophage membrane lipids exerts differential effects on the function of normal mouse peritoneal macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1984;792(2):141-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-2760(84)90215-7
- Karaagac L, Koruk ST, Koruk I, Aksoy N. Decreasing oxidative stress in response to treatment in patients with brucellosis: could it be used to monitor treatment? Int J Infect Dis. 2011;15(5):e346-e349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2011.01.009
- Ko J, Gendron-Fitzpatrick A, Splitter GA. Susceptibility of IFN regulatory factor-1 and IFN consensus sequence binding protein-deficient mice to brucellosis. J Immunol. 2002;168(5):2433-2440. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.168.5.2433
- Liu TF, Vachharajani VT, Yoza BK, McCall CE. NAD+-dependent sirtuin 1 and 6 proteins coordinate a switch from glucose to fatty acid oxidation during the acute inflammatory response. J Biol Chem. 2012;287(31):25758-25769. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M112.362343
- Cheng CY, Gutierrez NM, Marzuki MB, Lu X, Foreman TW, Paleja B, et al. Host sirtuin 1 regulates mycobacterial immunopathogenesis and represents a therapeutic target against tuberculosis. Sci Immunol. 2017;2(9):eaaj1789. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.aaj1789
- Nicholas DA, Zhang K, Hung C, Glasgow S, Aruni AW, Unternaehrer J, et al. Palmitic acid is a toll-like receptor 4 ligand that induces human dendritic cell secretion of IL-1β. PLoS One. 2017;12(5):e0176793. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176793
- Korbecki J, Bajdak-Rusinek K. The effect of palmitic acid on inflammatory response in macrophages: an overview of molecular mechanisms. Inflamm Res. 2019;68(11):915-932. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-019-01273-5
- Sindhu S, Al-Roub A, Koshy M, Thomas R, Ahmad R. Palmitate-induced MMP-9 expression in the human monocytic cells is mediated through the TLR4-MyD88 dependent mechanism. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2016;39(3):889-900. https://doi.org/10.1159/000447798
- Suganami T, Tanimoto-Koyama K, Nishida J, Itoh M, Yuan X, Mizuarai S, et al. Role of the Toll-like receptor 4/NF-kappaB pathway in saturated fatty acid-induced inflammatory changes in the interaction between adipocytes and macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27(1):84-91. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.0000251608.09329.9a
- Cullberg KB, Larsen JO, Pedersen SB, Richelsen B. Effects of LPS and dietary free fatty acids on MCP-1 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and macrophages in vitro. Nutr Diabetes. 2014;4(3):e113. https://doi.org/10.1038/nutd.2014.10
- Perry BD, Rahnert JA, Xie Y, Zheng B, Woodworth-Hobbs ME, Price SR. Palmitate-induced ER stress and inhibition of protein synthesis in cultured myotubes does not require Toll-like receptor 4. PLoS One. 2018;13(1):e0191313. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191313
- Weiss DS, Takeda K, Akira S, Zychlinsky A, Moreno E. MyD88, but not toll-like receptors 4 and 2, is required for efficient clearance of Brucella abortus. Infect Immun. 2005;73(8):5137-5143. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.73.8.5137-5143.2005
- Campos MA, Rosinha GM, Almeida IC, Salgueiro XS, Jarvis BW, Splitter GA, et al. Role of Toll-like receptor 4 in induction of cell-mediated immunity and resistance to Brucella abortus infection in mice. Infect Immun. 2004;72(1):176-186. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.72.1.176-186.2004
- Li JY, Liu Y, Gao XX, Gao X, Cai H. TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathways are required for recombinant Brucella abortus BCSP31-induced cytokine production, functional upregulation of mouse macrophages, and the Th1 immune response in vivo and in vitro. Cell Mol Immunol. 2014;11(5):477-494. https://doi.org/10.1038/cmi.2014.28
- Arias MA, Santiago L, Costas-Ramon S, Jaime-Sanchez P, Freudenberg M, Jimenez De Bagues MP, et al. Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 cooperate in the control of the emerging pathogen Brucella microti. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2017;6:205. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2016.00205
- Luo X, Zhang X, Wu X, Yang X, Han C, Wang Z, et al. Brucella downregulates tumor necrosis factor-α to promote intracellular survival via Omp25 regulation of different microRNAs in porcine and murine macrophages. Front Immunol. 2018;8:2013. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.02013
- Macedo GC, Magnani DM, Carvalho NB, Bruna-Romero O, Gazzinelli RT, Oliveira SC. Central role of MyD88-dependent dendritic cell maturation and proinflammatory cytokine production to control Brucella abortus infection. J Immunol. 2008;180(2):1080-1087. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.180.2.1080
- Hop HT, Huy TX, Reyes AW, Arayan LT, Vu SH, Min W, et al. Interleukin 6 promotes Brucella abortus clearance by controlling bactericidal activity of macrophages and CD8+ T cell differentiation. Infect Immun. 2019;87(11):e00431-e19.
- Fernandes DM, Baldwin CL. Interleukin-10 downregulates protective immunity to Brucella abortus. Infect Immun. 1995;63(3):1130-1133. https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.63.3.1130-1133.1995
- Hop HT, Reyes AW, Huy TX, Arayan LT, Min W, Lee HJ, et al. Interleukin 10 suppresses lysosome-mediated killing of Brucella abortus in cultured macrophages. J Biol Chem. 2018;293(9):3134-3144. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M117.805556