과제정보
The author would like to express her gratitude to the editors and the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments on the manuscript. The author also thanks Professor Saskia Witteborn and Professor Lokman Sui for their support and insightful comments on this study.
참고문헌
- Adams, A., & McCorkindale, T. (2013). Dialogue and transparency: A content analysis of how the 2012 presidential candidates used Twitter. Public Relations Review, 39(4), 357-359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2013.07.016
- Ahmed, S. (2013). The cultural politics of emotion. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203700372
- Al-Dabbagh, Z. S. (2020). The role of decision-maker in crisis management: A qualitative study using grounded theory (COVID -19 pandemic crisis as a model). Journal of Public Affairs. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2186
- Aronczyk, M. (2013). Branding the Nation: The Global Business of National Identity. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199752164.001.0001
- Baldwin-Philippi, J. (2018). The technological performance of Populism. New Media & Society, 21(2), 376-397. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818797591
- Birks, M., & Mills, J. (2015). Grounded theory: A practical guide. Sage.
- Bjola, C., & Jiang, L. (2015). Social media and public diplomacy: A comparative analysis of the digital diplomatic strategies of the E.U., the U.S., and Japan in China. In Digital Diplomacy (pp. 85-102). Routledge.
- Bohman, J. (1996). Public deliberation: pluralism, complexity, and democracy. McGraw Hill Book Co. https://doi.org/10.1177/0191453703029001835
- Boyd, D., & Crawford, K. (2011, September). Six provocations for big data. In A decade in internet time: Symposium on the dynamics of the internet and society.
- Brady, Anne-Marie. (2009). Marketing dictatorship: propaganda and thought work in contemporary China. Lanham, MD: The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group.
- Brady, Anne-Marie. (2015). China's foreign propaganda machine. Journal of Democracy, 26(4), 51-59. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2015.0056
- Bryant, A. and Charmaz, K. (2007). Grounded theory research: methods and practices. In: A. Bryant & K. Charmaz (Eds.), The Sage handbook of grounded theory (pp. 1-28). Sage.
- Bucy, E. P., Foley, J. M., Lukito, J., Doroshenko, L., Shah, D. V., Pevehouse, J. C., & Wells, C. (2020). performing populism: Trump's transgressive debate style and the dynamics of Twitter response. New Media & Society, 22(4), 634-658. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819893984
- Castells, M. (2010). The rise of the network society. The information age: Economy, society, and culture, Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell.
- Chamberlain-Salaun, J. (2015). Consumers and the social world of health care: outsiders in the expert's world: a grounded theory study (Doctoral dissertation, James Cook University).
- Charmaz, K.C. (2006a) Grounded theory. In G. Ritzer (Ed.): Encyclopaedia of sociology. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
- Charmaz, K.C. (2006b) Constructing Grounded Theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
- Chen, W., Tu, F., & Zheng, P. (2017). A transnational networked public sphere of air pollution: Analysis of a Twitter network of PM2.5 from the risk society perspective. Information, Communication & Society, 20(7), 1005-1023. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1303076
- Christensen, C. (2013). @ Sweden: Curating a nation on Twitter. Popular Communication, 11(1), 30-46. https://doi.org/10.1080/15405702.2013.751855
- Creamer, E. G. (2018). Enlarging the conceptualization of mixed-method approaches to grounded theory with intervention research. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(7), 919-934. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764218772642
- Coe, K., Kenski, K., & Rains, S. A. (2014). Online and uncivil? Patterns and determinants of incivility in website comments. Journal of Communication, 64, 658-579. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12104
- Collins, S. D., DeWitt, J. R., & LeFebvre, R. K. (2019). Hashtag diplomacy: Twitter as a tool for engaging in public diplomacy and promoting U.S. foreign policy. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 15(2), 78-96. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41254-019-00119-5
- Denzin, N. K. (1985). Emotion as lived experience. Symbolic Interaction, 8(2), 223-240. https://doi.org/10.1525/si.1985.8.2.223
- Edwards, S., Birks, M., Chapman, Y., & Yates, K. (2018). Bringing together the 'threads of care' in possible miscarriage for women, their partners, and nurses in non-metropolitan EDs. Collegian, 25(3), 293-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2017.09.004
- Enli, G. S., & Skogerbo, E. (2013). Personalized campaigns in party-centered politics: Twitter and Facebook as arenas for political communication. Information, Communication & Society, 16, 757-774. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2013.782330
- Fisher, A., Arsenault, A., & Zaharna, R. S. (Eds.). (2013). Relational, Networked, and Collaborative Approaches to Public Diplomacy: The Connective Mindshift. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203082430
- Flusberg, S. J., Matlock, T., & Thibodeau, P. H. (2017). Metaphors for the war (or race) against climate change. Environmental Communication, 11(6), 769-783. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2017.1289111
- Foreign Ministry of the People's Republic of China. (2020, January 13). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Geng Shuang's Regular Press Conference on January 13, 2020. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t1731707.shtml
- Foucault, M. (1978). The history of sexuality. New York, NY: Pantheon Book.
- Frenda, S. (2018). The role of sarcasm in hate speech. A multilingual perspective. In e Doctoral Symposium of the XXXIV International Conference of the Spanish Society for Natural Language Processing (SEPLN 2018) (pp. 13-17).
- Gary, D. R. (2015). To Know Us is to Love Us: Public Diplomacy and International Broadcasting in Contemporary Russia and China. Politics, 35(3-4), 273-286. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9256.12104
- Gibbs Jr, R. W. (2013). Metaphoric cognition as a social activity: Dissolving the divide between metaphor in thought and communication. Metaphor and the Social World, 3(1), 54-76. https://doi.org/10.1075/msw.3.1.03gib
- Glaser, B. & Strauss, A. (1967) The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Chicago: Aldine.
- Golbeck, J., Grimes, J. M., & Rogers, A. (2010). Twitter use by the U.S. Congress. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 61, 1612-1621. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.21344
- Gruzd, A., & Roy, J. (2014). Investigating political polarization on Twitter: A Canadian perspective. Policy & Internet, 6(1), 28-45. https://doi.org/10.1002/1944-2866.POI354
- Halaweh, M. (2012). Integration of grounded theory and case study: an exemplary application from e-commerce security perception research. Journal of Information Technology Theory and Application (JITTA), 13(1): 31-51.
- Halaweh, M. (2018). Integrating social media and grounded theory in a research methodology: a possible road map. Business Information Review, 35(4), 157-164. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266382118809168
- Hall, S. (1973). Encoding and decoding in the media discourse. stenciled paper, 7, 90-103.
- Hardman, H. (2013). The validity of a grounded theory approach to research on democratization. Qualitative Research, 13(6), 635-649. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794112445526
- Hartig, F. (2016). How China understands public diplomacy: The importance of national image for national interests. International Studies Review, 18, 655-680. https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viw007
- Hayden, C. (2013). Logics of narrative and networks in US public diplomacy: Communication power and US strategic engagement. Journal of International Communication, 19(2), 196-218. https://doi.org/10.1080/13216597.2013.775070
- Hopf, T. (2002). The social construction of international politics: identities & foreign policies, Moscow, 1955 and 1999. Cornell University Press.
- Hua, C. Y. (2019). Reach the moral heights and enhance international discourse power. Study Times. https://www.ccps.gov.cn/xylt/201907/t20190712_133103.shtml
- Huang, Z. A., & Arifon, O. (2018). La diplomatie publique chinoise sur Twitter: la fabrique d'unepolyphonie harmonieuse [Chinese public diplomacy on Twitter: Creating a harmonious polyphony]. Hermes, La Revue, 81, 45-53. http://doi.org/10.3917/herm.081.0045
- Huang, Z., & Wang, R. (2019). Building a Network to "Tell China Stories Well": Chinese Diplomatic Communication Strategies on Twitter. International Journal of Communication, 13, 24. Retrieved from https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/11221
- Huang, Z. A., & Wang, R. (2019b). The new "cat" of the Internet: China's panda diplomacy on Twitter. In F. Frandsen, W. Johansen, R. Tench, & S. Romenti (Eds.), Big ideas in public relations research and practice (pp. 69-85). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2398-391420190000004006
- Huang, Z., & Wang, R. (2021). Exploring China's Digitalization of Public Diplomacy on Weibo and Twitter: A Case Study of the U.S.-China Trade War. International Journal of Communication, 15, 28. Retrieved from https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/15105
- Jia, R., & Li, W. (2020). Public diplomacy networks: China's public diplomacy communication practices in Twitter during Two Sessions. Public Relations Review, 46(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2019.101818
- Karlsen, R., & Enjolras, B. (2016). Styles of social media campaigning and influence in a hybrid political communication system: Linking candidate survey data with Twitter data. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 21(3), 338-357. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161216645335
- Kelley, J. R. (2010). The new diplomacy: evolution of a revolution. Diplomacy & Statecraft, 21(2), 286-305. https://doi.org/10.1080/09592296.2010.482474
- Khatib, L., William, D., & Michael, T. (2011, January 4). Public Diplomacy 2.0: An Exploratory Case Study of the US Digital Outreach Team. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1734850
- Lai, L. S., & To, W. M. (2015). Content analysis of social media: A grounded theory approach. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 16(2), 138.
- Lee, S. T. (2021). Vaccine diplomacy: nation branding and China's COVID-19 soft power play. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41254-021-00224-4
- Leeker, M., Schipper, I., & Beyes, T. (2017). Performativity, performance studies, and digital cultures. In Performing the Digital (pp. 9-18). Transcript-Verlag. Retrieved from https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/31479/627661.pdf?sequence=1#page=22
- Lindsley, D. B. (1951). Emotion. In S. S. Stevens (Ed.), Handbook of experimental psychology (pp. 473-516). Wiley.
- Livingstone, S. (2016, January 7). Assessing China's plan to build internet power. China File. https://www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/media/assessing-chinas-plan-build-internet-power
- Marinho, J. (2020, August 7). China in Africa (2019): Facebook & Twitter as Part of Public Diplomacy. Retrieved December 7, 2021, from https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/bitstream/10216/129013/2/415437.pdf
- Martin, V. B., Scott, C., Brennen, B., & Durham, M. G. (2018). What Is Grounded Theory Good For?. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 95(1), 11-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699018759676
- Melissen, J. (Ed.). (2005). The new public diplomacy (pp. 292-31). Palgrave Macmillan.
- Mills, J., Birks, M. & Hoare, K. J. (2014). Grounded theory. In: J. Mills & M. Birks (Eds.), Qualitative methodology: a practical guide (pp. 107-121). Sage.
- Mutz, D. C., & Mondak, J. J. (2006). The workplace as a context for cross-cutting political discourse. The Journal of Politics, 68(1), 140-155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2508.2006.00376.x
- Nye, J. (2011) The Future of Power, New York: Public Affairs.
- Onuf, N. (2013). Making sense, making worlds: Constructivism in social theory and international relations. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203096710
- Pain, P., & Masullo Chen, G. (2019). The president is in: Public opinion and the presidential use of Twitter. Social Media+ Society, 5(2), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119855143
- Pamment, J. (2013). New Public Diplomacy in the 21st Century. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203096734
- Peterson, P. G., Sieg, J., Bloomgarden, K., Grunwald, H., Morey, D. E., & Telhami, S. (2002). Public Diplomacy: A Strategy for Reform: A Report of an Independent Task Force on Public Diplomacy Sponsored by the Council on Foreign Relations. Washington, DC: Council on Foreign Relations.
- Poole, E., Giraud, E. H., & de Quincey, E. (2021). Tactical interventions in online hate speech: The case of# stopIslam. New Media & Society, 23(6), 1415-1442. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820903319
- Pousti, H., Urquhart, C., Burstein, F., & Linger, H. (2013). Methodological implications of social media as a research setting for IS healthcare studies: reflections from a grounded theory study. In ACIS 2013: Information systems: Transforming the Future: Proceedings of the 24th Australasian Conference on Information Systems (pp. 1-12). RMIT University.
- Schliebs, M., Bailey, H., Bright, J., & Howard, P. N. (2021). China's public diplomacy operations: understanding engagement and inauthentic amplifications of PRC diplomats on Facebook and Twitter [working paper]. Programme on Democracy and Technology, Oxford University. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:427320a1-c677-40d4-b4a5-1759e563e7ed
- Settle, J. E. (2018). Frenemies: How social media polarizes America. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108560573
- Shahin, S., & Huang, Q. (2019). Friend, Ally, or Rival? Twitter Diplomacy as "Technosocial" Performance of National Identity. International Journal of Communication, 13, 19. Retrieved from https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/10921
- Sharp, P. (2005). Revolutionary states, outlaw regimes, and the techniques of public diplomacy. In The new public diplomacy (pp. 106-123). Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230554931_6
- Shepherd, T., Harvey, A., Jordan, T., Srauy, S., & Miltner, K. (2015). Histories of hating. Social Media + Society, 1(2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305115603997
- Shumba, E. (2021). An investigation into 'Wolf Warrior' diplomacy in Africa via Twitter and Facebook at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. South African Journal of International Affairs, 28(3), 471-483. https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2021.1976267
- Slaughter, A. M. (2009). America's edge: Power in the networked century. Foreign affairs, 94-113. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20699436
- Strauss, A. & Corbin, J. (1990) Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
- Stroud, N. J. (2010). Polarization and partisan selective exposure. Journal of Communication, 60(3), 556-576. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01497.x
- Taylor, A. (2014). The people's platform: Taking back power and culture in the digital age. Metropolitan Books.
- Tie, Y. C., Birks, M., & Francis, K. (2019). Grounded theory research: A design framework for novice researchers. Sage Open Medicine, 7. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312118822927
- Urquhart, C. & Vaast, E. (2012). Building social media theory from case studies: a new frontier for IS research. 33rd international conference on information systems. Orlando, USA (pp. 2705-2723). Retrieved April 7, 2021, from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.659.1885&rep=rep1&type=pdf
- Vaast, E. & Urquhart, C. (2017). Building Grounded Theory with Social Media Data. In: Routledge Companion to Qualitative Research in Organization Studies. Routledge.
- Vaast, E. & Walsham, G. (2013). Grounded theorizing for electronically-mediated social contexts. European Journal of Information Systems, 22(1), 9-25. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejis.2011.26
- Williams Camus, J. T. (2009). Metaphors of cancer in scientific popularization articles in the British press. Discourse Studies, 11(4), 465-495. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445609105220
- Williams, R., & Williams, R. H. (1977). Marxism and Literature (Vol. 392). Oxford Paperbacks.
- Wittgenstein, L. (2009). Philosophical investigations. John Wiley & Sons.
- Xinhua News Agency. (2013, August 21). Tell a Good Story of China (in Chinese). https://www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/2013/08-21/5187666.shtml?t=1488039105998
- Zaharna, R. S. (2005, April). The network paradigm of strategic public diplomacy. Foreign Policy in Focus, 10(1), 1-4. Retrieved April 7, 2021, from https://www.american.edu/soc/faculty/upload/network-paradigm.pdf
- Zhong, X., & Lu, J. (2013). Public diplomacy meets social media: A study of the US Embassy's blogs and micro-blogs. Public Relations Review, 39(5), 542-548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2013.07.002