Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety (한국식품위생안전성학회지)

The Korean Society of Food Hygiene and Safety (한국식품위생안전성학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Anatomical and Ecological Characteristics of Marine Biotoxin-Bearing Mollusks

해양독소를 보유한 연체동물의 기관별 명칭과 생태학적 특성에 관하여

  • Hong, Hyun-Ki (Department of Marine Life Science (BK21 FOUR) and Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University) ;
  • Kajino, Nobuhisa (Department of Marine Life Science (BK21 FOUR) and Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University) ;
  • Kim, Hyoun Joong (Department of Marine Life Science (BK21 FOUR) and Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University) ;
  • Lee, Wan Ok (Department of Marine Life Science (BK21 FOUR) and Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University) ;
  • Lee, Jihyun (Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University) ;
  • Choi, Kwang-Sik (Department of Marine Life Science (BK21 FOUR) and Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University)
  • 홍현기 (제주대학교 해양생명과학과 (BK21 FOUR) & 해양과학연구소) ;
  • ;
  • 김현중 (제주대학교 해양생명과학과 (BK21 FOUR) & 해양과학연구소) ;
  • 이완옥 (제주대학교 해양생명과학과 (BK21 FOUR) & 해양과학연구소) ;
  • 이지현 (중앙대학교 식품공학부 식품공학과) ;
  • 최광식 (제주대학교 해양생명과학과 (BK21 FOUR) & 해양과학연구소)
  • Received : 2021.09.23
  • Accepted : 2021.12.14
  • Published : 2021.12.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

In order to aid the researchers who analyze the biotoxins in marine molluscs, this paper introduces the official names and ecological characteristics of the domestically produced or distributed bivalve and gastropods that can be contaminated with marine biotoxins. Also, the paper intends to inform the location and scientific name of each organ of the representative group of species through anatomical maps. In the future, it is necessary to standardize and normalize the names of the species and the research institutions in food codes, scholarly papers and reports on the marine biotoxin analysis.

이 총설에서는 해양 연체동물 내 독소 분석을 하는 연구자들의 이해를 돕기 위하여, 국내에서 생산되거나 유통되는 수산물 중 해양 생물독소에 오염될 수 있는 이매패류와 복족류 종들의 공식 명칭과 생태학적 특성을 소개하였다. 또한 대표적인 생물군의 해부도를 통한 각 기관들의 위치와 공식적인 명칭을 알리고자 하였다. 향후 해양생물독소 분석 관련 식품공전, 학술논문 및 보고서에 실험생물의 정확한 종명과 분석 기관의 명칭에 대한 통일 및 규격화가 필요하다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

본 연구는 2021년도 식품의약품안전처의 연구개발비(20163MFDS641)로 수행되었으며 이에 감사드립니다.

References

  1. Van Egmond, H., 2004. Marine biotoxins: food and nutrition paper 80. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy, pp. 1-4.
  2. Hwang, P.A., Tsai, Y.H., Lin, S.J., Hwang, D.F., The gastropods possessing TTX and/or PSP. Food Rev. Int., 23, 321-340 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1080/87559120701418384
  3. Magarlamov, T.Y., Melnikova, D.I., Chernyshev, A.V., Tetrodotoxin-productin bacteria: detection, distribution and migration of the toxin in aquatic systems. Toxins (Basel), 9, 166 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9050166
  4. Noguchi, T., Arakawa, O., Tetrodotoxin - Distribution and accumulation in aquatic organisms, and cases of human intoxication. Mar. Drugs, 6, 220-242 (2008). https://doi.org/10.3390/md20080011
  5. Poletti, R., Milandri, A., Pompei, M., Algal biotoxins of marine origin: new indications from the European Union. Vet. Res. Commun. 27, 173-182 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/b:verc.0000014136.98850.b1
  6. Visciano, P., Schirone, M., Berti, M., Milandri, A., Tofalo, R., Suzzi, G., Marine biotoxins: Occurrence, toxicity, regulatory limits, and reference methods. Front. Microbiol. 7, 1051 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01051
  7. Alcantara-Rubira, A., Barcena-Martinez, V., Reyes-Paulino, M., Medina-Acaro, K., Valiente-Terrones, L., RodriguezVelasquez, A., Estrada-Jimenez, R., Flores-Salmon, O., First report of Okadaic acid and Pectenotoxins in individual cells of Dinophysis and in scallops Argopecten purpuratus from Peru. Toxins, 10, 490 (2018) https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10120490
  8. Amzil, Z., Sibat, M., Royer, F., Savar, V., First report on azaspiracid and yessotoxin groups detection in French shellfish. Toxicon, 52, 39-48 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.05.006
  9. Lee, K.J., Mok, J.S., Song, K.C., Yu, H., Lee, D.S., Jung, J.H., Kim, J.H., First detection and seasonal variation of lipophilic toxins Okadaic acid, Dinophysistoxin-1, and yessotoxin in Korean gastropods. J. Food Prot., 75, 2000-2006 (2012). https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-12-192
  10. Liu, R., Liang, Y., Wu, X., Xu, D., Liu, Y., Liu, L., First report on the detection of pectenotoxin groups in Chinese shellfish by LC-MS/MS. Toxicon, 57, 1000-1007 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.04.002
  11. Lopez-Rivera, A., O'callaghan, K., Moriarty, M., O'Driscoll, D., Hamilton, B., Lehane, M., James, K.J., Furey, A., First evidence of azaspiracids (AZAs): A family of lipophilic polyether marine toxins in scallops (Argopecten purpuratus) and mussels (Mytilus chilensis) collected in two regions of Chile. Toxicon, 55, 692-701 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.10.020
  12. Matsushima, R., Uchida, H., Nagai, S., Watanabe, R., Kamio, M., Nagai, H., Kaneniwa, M., Suzuki, T., Assimilation, Accumulation, and Metabolism of Dinophysistoxins (DTXs) and Pectenotoxins (PTXs) in the several tissues of Japanese scallop Patinopecten yessoensis. Toxins, 7, 5141- 5154 (2015). https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins7124870
  13. Suzuki, T., Igarashi, T., Ichimi, K., Watai, M., Suzuki, M., Ogiso, E., Yasumoto, T., Kinetics of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins, okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-1, pectenotoxin-6 and yessotoxin in scallops Patinopecten yessoensis. Fish. Sci., 71, 948-955 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-2906.2005.01049.x
  14. Suzuki, T., Mitsuya, T., Matsubara, H., Yamasaki, M., Determination of pectenotoxin-2 after solid-phase extraction from seawater and from the dinoflagellate Dinophysis fortii by liquid chromatography with electrospray mass spectrometry and ultraviolet detection: Evidence of oxidation of pectenotoxin-2 to pectenotoxin-6 in scallops. J.Chromatogr. A, 815, 155-160 (1998) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(98)00010-7
  15. Torgersen, T., Sandvik, M., Lundve, B., Lindgarth, S., Profiles and levels of fatty acid esters of okadaic acid group toxins and pectenotoxins during toxin depuration. Part II: Blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) and flat oyster (Ostrea edulis). Toxicon, 52, 418-427 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.06.011
  16. Vale, P., Sampayo, M.A.de M., Pectenotoxin-2 seco acid, 7-epi-pectenotoxin-2 seco acid and pectenotoxin-2 in shellfish and plankton from Portugal. Toxicon, 40, 979-987 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-0101(02)00094-6
  17. Vale, P., Bire, R., Hess, P., Confirmation by LC-MS/MS of azaspiracids in shellfish from the Portuguese north-western coast. Toxicon, 51, 1449-1456 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.03.022
  18. Abraham, A., Flewelling, L.J., Said, K.R.E., Odom, W., Geiger, S.P., Granholm, A.A., Jackson, J.T., Bodager, D., An occurrence of neurotoxic shellfish poisoning by consumption of gastropods contaminated with brevetoxins. Toxicon, 191, 9-17 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.12.010
  19. Abraham, A., Said, K.R.E, Wang, Y., Jester, E.L.E., Plakas, S.M., Flewelling, L.J., Henry, M.S., Pierce, R.H., Biomarkers of brevetoxin exposure and composite toxin levels in hard clam (Mercenaria sp.) exposed to Karenia brevis blooms. Toxicon, 96, 82-88 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.01.014
  20. Abraham, A., Wang, Y., El Said, K.R., Plakas, S.M., Characterization of brevetoxin metabolism in Karenia brevis bloom-exposed clams (Mercenaria sp.) by LC-MS/MS. Toxicon, 60, 1030-1040 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.06.016
  21. Ishida, H., Nozawa, A., Hamano, H., Naoki, H., Fujita, T., Kaspar, H.F., Tsuji, K., Brevetoxin B5, a new brevetoxin analog isolated from cockle Austrovenus stutchburyi in New Zealand, the marker for monitoring shellfish neurotoxicity. Tetrahedron Letters, 45, 29-33 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2003.10.124
  22. Ishida, H., Nozawa, A., Nukaya, H., Tsuji, K., Comparative concentrations of brevetoxins PbTx-2, PbTx-3, BTX-B1 and BTX-B5 in cockle, Austrovenus stutchburyi, greenshell mussel, Perna canaliculus, and Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, involved neurotoxic shellfish poisoning in New Zealand. Toxicon, 43, 779-789 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.03.007
  23. Morohashi, A., Satake, M., Murata, K., Naoki, H., Kaspar, H.F., Yasumoto, T., Brevetoxin B3, a new brevetoxin analog isolated from the greenshell mussel Perna canaliculus involved in neurotoxic shellfish poisoning in new Zealand. Tetrahedron Lett., 36, 8995-8998 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-4039(95)01969-O
  24. Plakas, S.M., Said, K.R.E., Jester, E.L.E., Granade, H.R., Musser, S.M., Dickey, R.W., Confirmation of brevetoxin metabolism in the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) by controlled exposures to pure toxins and to Karenia brevis cultures. Toxicon, 40, 721-729 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-0101(01)00267-7
  25. Plakas, S.M., Said, K.R.E., Jester, E.L.E., Said, K.R.E., Granade, A.A., Dickey, R.W., Scott, P.S., Flewelling, L.J., Henry, M., Blum, P., Pierce, R., Monitoring of brevetoxins in the Karenia brevis bloom-exposed Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica). Toxicon, 52, 32-38 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.04.174
  26. Wang, Z., Plakas, S.M., Said, K.R.E., Jester, E.L.E., Granade, H.R., Dickey, R.W., LC/MS analysis of brevetoxin metabolites in the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica). Toxicon, 43, 455-465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.02.017
  27. Otero, P., Vale, C., Boente-Juncal, A., Costas, C., Louzao, M.C., Batana, L.M., Detection of cyclic imine toxins in dietary supplements of green lipped mussels (Perna canaliculus) and in shellfish Mytilus chilensis. Toxins, 12, 613 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12100613
  28. Rambla-Alegre, M., Miles, C.O., de la lglesia, P., Fernandez-Tejedor, M., Jacobs, S., Sioen, I., Verbeke, W., Samdal, I.A., Snadvik, M., Barbosa, V., Tediosi, A., Madorran, E., Granby, K., Kotterman, M., Calis, T., Diogene, J., Occurrence of cyclic imines in European commercial seafood and consumers risk assessment. Environ. Res., 161, 392-398 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.11.028
  29. Selwood, A.I., Miles, C.O., Wilkins, A.L., Ginkel, R.V., Munday, R., Rise, F., McNabb, P., Isolation, structural determination and acute toxicity of Pinnatoxins E, F and G. J. Agric. Food Chem., 58, 6532-6542 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/jf100267a
  30. Biessy, L., Pearman, J.K., Smith, K.F., Hawes, I., Wood, S.A., Seasonal and spatial variation in bacterial communities from tetrodotoxin-bearing and non-tetrodotoxin-bearing clams. Front. Microbiol., 11, 1860 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01860
  31. Boundy, M.J., Biessy, L., Roughan, B., Nicolas, J., Harwood, D.T., Survey of tetrodotoxin in New Zealand bivalve molluscan shellfish over a 16-month period. Toxins (Basel), 12, 512 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12080512
  32. Costa, P.R., Giraldez, J., Rodrigues, S.M., Leao, J.M., Pinto, E., Solino, L., Gago-Martinez, A., High levels of tetrodotoxin (TTX) in trumpet shell Charonia lampas from the Portugues coast. Toxins, 13, 250 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13040250
  33. Dhanji-Rapkova, M., Turner, A.D., Baker-Austin, C., Huggett, J.F., Ritchie, J.M., Distribution of tetrodotoxin in Pacific oysters (Crassoters gigas). Mar. Drugs, 19, 84 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/md19020084
  34. Hess, P., Abadie, E., Herve, F., Berteaux, T., Sechet, V., Araoz, R., Molgo, J., Zakarian, A., Sibat, M., Rundberget, T., Miles, C.O., Amzil, Z., Pinnatoxin G is responsible for atypical toxicity in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and clams (Venerupis decussata) from Ingril, a French Mediterranean lagoon. Toxicon, 75, 16-26 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.05.001
  35. Hwang, D.F., Chueh, C.H., Jeng, S.S., Tetrodotoxin secretion from the lined moon shell Natica lineata in response to external stimulation. Toxicon, 28, 1133-1136 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(90)90113-L
  36. Hwang, D.F., Lu, S.C., Jeng, S.S., Occurrence of tetrodotoxin in the gastropods Rapana rapiformis and R. venosa venosa. Mar. Biol., 111, 65-69 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01986347
  37. Hwang, D.F., Tai, K.P., Chueh, C.H., Lin, L.C., Jeng, S.S., Tetrodotoxin and derivatives in several species of the gastropod Naticidae. Toxicon, 29, 1019-1024 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(91)90084-5
  38. Hwang, D.F., Lin, L.C., Jeng, S.S., Occurrence of tetrodotoxin related toxins in the gastropod mollusk Niotha clathrata from Taiwan. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 55, 63-67 (1992). https://doi.org/10.2331/suisan.58.63
  39. Hwang, D.F., Shiu Y.C., Hwang, P.A., Lu, Y.H., Tetrodotoxin in gastropods (snails) implicated in food poisoning in Northern Taiwan. J. Food Prot., 65, 1341-1344 (2002). https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-65.8.1341
  40. Hwang, P.A., Tsai, Y.H., Lu, Y.H., Hwang, D.F., Paralytic toxins in three new gastropod (Olividae) species implicated in food poisoning in Southern Taiwan. Toxicon, 41, 529-533 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-0101(02)00364-1
  41. Hwang, P.A., Tsai, Y.H., Deng, J.F., Cheng, C.A., Ho, P.H., Hwang, D.F., Identification of tetrodotoxin in a marine gastropod (Nassarius glans) responsible for human morbidity and mortality in Taiwan. J. Food Prot., 68, 1696-1701 (2005). https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-68.8.1696
  42. Jen, H.C., Lin, S.J., Lin, S.Y., Huang, Y.W., Liao, I.C., Arakawa, O., Hwang, D.F., Occurrence of tetrodotoxin and paralytic shellfish poisons in a gastropod implicated in food poisoning in southern Taiwan. Food Addit. Contam., 24, 902-909 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030701245171
  43. Kawashima, Y., Nagashima, Y., Shiomi, K., Determination of tetramine in marine gastropods by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Toxicon, 44, 185-191 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.05.020
  44. Lin, S.J., Liao, H.J., Hwang, D.F., Toxicity of gastropods Babylonia formosae and Charonia sauliae in Taiwan. J. Nat. Toxins, 5, 307-315 (1996).
  45. Lin, S.J., Hwang, D.F., Possible source of tetrodotoxin in the starfish Astropecten scoparius. Toxicon, 39, 573-579 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-0101(00)00171-9
  46. Liu, F.M., Fu, Y.M., Shih, D.Y.C., Occurrence of tetrodotoxin poisoning in Nassarius papillosus Alectrion and Nassarius gruneri Niotha. J. Food Drug Anal., 12, 189-192 (2004).
  47. Noguchi, T., Maruyama, J., Ueda, Y., Hashimoto, K., Harada, T., Occurrence of tetrodotoxin in the Japanese ivory shell Babylonia japonica. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 47, 909-914 (1981). https://doi.org/10.2331/suisan.47.909
  48. Noguchi, T., Narita, H., Maruyama, J., Hashimoto, K., Tetrodotoxin in the starfish Astropecten polyacanthus, in association with toxification of a trumpet shell, "Boshubora" Charonia sauliae. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 48, 1173-1177 (1982). https://doi.org/10.2331/suisan.48.1173
  49. Noguchi, T., Maruyama, J., Narita, H., Hashimoto, K., Occurrence of tetrodotoxin in the gastropod mollusk Tutufa lissostoma (Frog Shell). Toxicon, 22, 219-226 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(84)90022-9
  50. Numano, S., Kudo, Y., Cho, Y., Konoki, K., Yotsu-Yamashita, M., Temporal variation of the profile and concentrations of paralytic shellfish toxins and tetrodotoxin in the scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis, cultured in a bay of East Japan. Mar. Drugs, 17, 653 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/md17120653
  51. Ochi, N., Simultaneous determination of ten paralytic shellfish toxins and tetrodotoxin in scallop and short-necked clam by ion-pair solid-phase extraction and hydrophilic interaction chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A, 1651, 462328 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462328
  52. Power, A.J., Keegan, B.F., Nolan, K., The seasonality and role of the neurotoxin tetramine in the salivary glands of the red whelk Neptunea antiqua (L.). Toxicon, 40, 419-425 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-0101(01)00211-2
  53. Reverte, L., Rambla-Alegre, M., Leonardo, S., Belles, C., Campbell, K., Elliott, C.T., Gerssen, A., Klijnstra, M.D., Diogene, J., Campas, M., Development and validation of a maleimide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of tetrodotoxin in oysters and mussels. Talanta, 176, 659-666 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2017.08.058
  54. Turner, A.D., Boundy, M.J., Dhanji-Rapkova, M., Development and single-laboratory validation of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for quantitation of tetrodotoxin in mussles and oysters. J. AOAC Int., 100, 1469-1482 (2017). https://doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.17-0017
  55. Turner, A.D., Dhanji-Rapkova, M., Fong, S.Y.T., Hungerford, J., McNabb, P.S., Boundy, M.J., Harwood, D.T., Ultrahigh-performance hydrophilic interaction liquid p chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of paralytic shellfish toxins and tetrodotoxin in mussels, oysters, clams, cockles, and scallops: Collaborative study. J. AOAC Int., 103, 533-562 (2020). https://doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.19-0240
  56. Mok, J.S., Son, K.T., Lee, T.S., Oh, E.G., Hwang, H.J., Kim, J.H., Tetramine contents of sea snails from the Korean coast. Korean J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 40, 63-67 (2007). https://doi.org/10.5657/KFAS.2007.40.2.063
  57. Shiomi, K., Mizukami, M., Shimakura, K., Nagashima, Y., Toxins in the salivary gland of some marine carnivorous gastropods. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B, 107, 427-432 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(94)90207-0
  58. Gueguen, M., Duinker, A., Marcaillou, C., 2009. A first approach to localizizing biotoxins in mussel digestive glands. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Molluscan Shellfish Safety, Nates, France, pp.14-19.
  59. Blanco, J., Marino, C., Martin, H., Acosta, C.P., Anatomical distribution of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) toxins in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Toxicon, 50, 1011-1018 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.09.002
  60. Edebo, L., Lange, S., Li, X.P., Allenmark, S., Lindgren, K., Thompson, R., Seasonal, geographic and individual variation of okadaic acid content in cultivated mussels in Sweden. APMIS, 96, 1036-1042 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1988.tb00978.x
  61. Pillet, S., Houvenaghel, G., 1995. Influence of experimental toxification by DSP producing microalgae, Prorocentrum lima, on clearance rate in blue mussels Mytilus edulis. In: Harmful Marine Algal Blooms; Lassus, P., Arzul, G., Erard, E., Gentien, P., Marcaillou, C. (Eds.), Lavoisier Publishing/Intercept Ltd.: Paris, France, pp.481-486.
  62. McCarron, P., Kilcoyne, J., Hess, P., Effects of cooking and heat treatment on concentration and tissue distribution of okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin-2 in mussels (Mytilus edulis). Toxicon, 51, 1081-1089 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.01.009
  63. Marcaillou-le Baut, C., Haure, J., Mondeguer, F., Courcoux, A., Dupuy, B., Penisson, C., Effect of food supply on the detoxification in the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, contaminated by diarrhetic shellfish toxins. Aquat. Living Resour., 23, 255-266 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1051/alr/2010026
  64. Bauder, A.G., Cembella, A.D., Bricelj, V.M., Quilliam, M.A., Uptake and fate of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins from the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima in the bay scallop Argopecten irradians. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 213, 39-52 (2001). https://doi.org/10.3354/meps213039
  65. Madigan, T.L., Lee, K.G., Padua, D.J., McNabb, P., Pointon, A.M., Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins in South Australian shellfish. Harmful Algae, 5, 119-123 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2004.12.005
  66. Vale, P., Differential dynamics of dinophysistoxins and petenotoxins. Part II. Offshore bivalve species. Toxicon, 47, 163-173 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.10.009
  67. Blanco, J., Alvarez, G., Rengel, J., Diaz, R., Marino, C., Martin, H., Uribe, E., Accumulation and biotransformation of dinophysis toxins by the surf clam Mesodesma donacium. Toxins, 10, 314 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10080314
  68. Min, D.K., Lee, J.S., Koh, D.B., Je, J.K., 2004. Mollusks in Korea. Min Molluscan Research Institute, Seoul, Korea.
  69. Lee, J.S., 2016. List of Korean Mollusks. The Malacological Society of Korea, Korea
  70. Chang, D.S., Shin, I.S., Pyeun, J.H., Park, Y.H., A study on paralytic shellfish poison of sea mussel Mytilus edulis. Bull. Korean Fish. Soc., 20, 293-299 (1987).
  71. Lee, J.S., Shin, I.S., Kim, Y.M., Chang, D.S., Paralytic shellfish toxins in the mussel, Mytilus edulis, caused the shellfish poisoning accident at Geoje, Korea, in 1996. J. Korean Fish. Soc., 30, 158-160 (1997).
  72. Mok, J.S., Song, K.C., Lee, K.J., Kim, J.H., Variation and profile of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in Jinhae Bay, Korea. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 16, 137-142 (2013). https://doi.org/10.5657/FAS.2013.0137
  73. Shon, M.B., Kim, Y.S., Kim, C.H., Paralytic shellfish poisoning of Mediterranean mussels from Jinhae Bay in Korea. Kor. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 42, 366-372 (2009). https://doi.org/10.5657/KFAS.2009.42.4.366
  74. Baek, S.H., Choi, J.M., Lee, M., Park, B.S., Zhang, Y., Arakawa, O., Takatani, T., Jeon, J.K., Kim, Y.O., Change in paralytic shellfish toxins in the mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis depending on dynamics of harmful Alexandrium catenella (Group I) in the Geoje coast (South Korae) during bloom season. Toxins, 12, 442 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12070442
  75. Kim, Y.S., Shon, M.B., Kim, C.H., Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin accumulation in four mussel species fed on toxic Alexandrium tamarense. J. Kor. Fish. Soc., 39, 49-54 (2006).
  76. Hashimoto, T., Matsuoka, S., Yoshimatsu, S., Miki, K., Nishibori, N., Nishio, S., Noguchi, T., First paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) infestation of bivalves due to toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamiyavanchi, in the southern coast of the Seto Inland Sea, Japn. Food Hygiene Safety Sci., 43, 1-5 (2002). https://doi.org/10.3358/shokueishi.43.1
  77. Andayani, W., Sumartono, A., Saxitoxin in green mussels (Perna virids, Mytiliae), blood cockle (Anadara granosa) and feathers cockle (Anadara antiquata, Arcidae) using high pressure liquid chromatography. J. Coast. Dev., 15, 252-259 (2012).
  78. Yurimoto, T., Kassim, F.M., Man, A., Noordin, W.N.M., Matsuoka, K., Risk assessment for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins from the blood cockle, Tegillarca granosa (Linnaeus, 1758), off the Selangor coast, Peninsular Malaysia. Malaysian Fish. J., 19, 80-96 (2020).
  79. Chaweepak, T., Yurimoto, T., Matsuoka, K., Sangrungruang, K., Monitoring and risk assessment of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in two estuaries at Chanthabur province, Thailand. Asians Fish. Sci., 32, 131-137 (2019).
  80. Jang, J.H., Yun, S.M., Lee, J.S., Paralytic shellfish poison profile in commercial shellfishes. J. Korean Soc. Food Sci Nutr., 34, 924-928 (2005). https://doi.org/10.3746/JKFN.2005.34.6.924
  81. Lee, K.J., Mok, J.S., Song, K.C., Yu, H., Jung, J.H., Kim, J.H., Geographical and annual variation in lipophilic shellfish toxins from oysters and mussels along the south coast of Korea. J. Food Prot., 74, 2127-2133 (2011). https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-11-148
  82. Jen, H.C., Yen, J.Y., Liao, I.C., Hwang, D.F., Identification of species and paralytic shellfish poisons in an unknown scallop meat implicated in food poisoning in Taiwan. Raffles Bull. Zool., 19, 115-122 (2008).
  83. Montojo, U.M., Romero, M.L.J., Borja, V.M., Cayme, M.F., Sato, S., Kodama, M., Fukuyo, Y., Vulnerability of tropical shellfishes against PSP contamination during bloom of Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum. Coast. Mar. Sci., 35, 64-66 (2011).
  84. Otofuji, T., Ogo, A., Koishi, J., Matsuo, K., Tokiwa, H., Yasumoto, T., Nishihara, K., Yamamoto, E., Saisho, M., Kuyrihara, Y., Hayashita, K., Food poisoning caused by Atrina pectinata in the Ariake Sea. Food Sanit. Res., 31, 76-83 (1981).
  85. Joen, J.K., Han, M.S., Park, Y.J., Yoon, M.Y., Paralytic shellfish toxin composition and intoxication of scallops (Patinopecten yessoensis) in Kangnung coastal waters of east sea in 1997. J. Kor. Fish. Soc., 31, 813-816 (1998).
  86. Lee, J.S., Yun, S.M., Jang, J.H., Shin, I.S., Lee, J.O., Detection of diarrhetic shellfish poisons by LC-MS/MS. J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr., 36, 926-931 (2007). https://doi.org/10.3746/JKFN.2007.36.7.926
  87. Lu, S.Y., Zhou, Y., Li, Y.S., Lin, C., Meng, X.M., Yan, D.M., Li, Z.H., Yu, S.Y., Liu, Z.S., Ren, H.L., Production of monoclonal antibody and application in indirect competitive ELISA for detecting okadaic acid and dinophytoxin-1 in seafood. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 19, 2619-2626 (2011).
  88. Li, D., Sun, L., Chen, Z., He, X., Lin, B., Survey of the distribution of red tide toxins (okadaic acid and dinophytoxin-1) in the Dalian Bay sea area of China by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Electrophoresis, 22, 3583-3588 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1002/1522-2683(200109)22:16<3583::AID-ELPS3583>3.0.CO;2-I
  89. Ji, Z., Zheng, J., Zeng, X., Lan, Y., Liu, Y., Ji, H., Lu, H., HPLC analysis of domoic acid poisoning in South China Sea. Mod. Food Sci. Technol., 116, 120-122 (2011).
  90. Liu, R., Liu, L., Xu, Y., Yang, L., Liang, Y., Li, D., Wei, N., Yang, D., Cong, Y., The production, distribution, and fate of yessotoxins, taking the northern yellow sea of China for example. Environ. Ecol. Res., 4, 322-345 (2016). https://doi.org/10.13189/eer.2016.040605
  91. Zheng, R., Lin, S., Yang, Y., Fu, W., Variation and profiles of lipophilic marine toxins in shellfish from southeastern China in 2017-2020. Toxicon, 15, 37-45 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.08.009
  92. Ji, Y., Yan, G., Wang, G., Liu, J., Tang, Z., Yan, Y., Qiu, J., Zhang, L., Pan, W., Fu, Y., Li, T, Luo, X., Lan, W., Wang, Z., Li, W., Li, A., Prevalence and distribution of domoic acid and cyclic imines in bivalve mollusks from Beibu Gulf, China. J. Hazard. Mater.., 423, 127078 (2021).
  93. Jeon, J.K., Yi, S.K., Huh, H.T., Paralytic shellfish poison of bivalves in the Korean waters. J. Ocean. Soc. Kor., 23, 123-129 (1988).
  94. Mok, J.S., Lee, K.J., Song, K.C., Kim, J.H., Validation of the analysis of domoic acid using high performance liquid chromatography. Kor. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 43, 293-297 (2010). https://doi.org/10.5657/KFAS.2010.43.4.293
  95. Wu, J.Y., Zheng, L., Wang, J.H., Contamination of shellfish from Shanghai seafood markets with paralytic shellfish poisoning and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins determined by mouse bioassay and HPLC. Food Addit. Contam., 22, 647-651 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030500137017
  96. Amzil, Z., Royer, F., Sibat, M., Fiant, L., Gelin, M., Le Gal, D., Francoise, S., 2009. First report on amnesic and diarrhetic toxins detection in French scallops during 2004-05 monitoring surveys. In: Busby, P (ed), 6th International Conference on Molluscan Shellfish Safety. Blenheim, New Zealand, pp.307-314.
  97. Kim, D.W., Park, K., Ha, K.S., Ryu, A., Yu, H.J., Jo, S.H., Jo, S.R., Mok, J.S., Anatomical distribution of paralytic shellfish toxin in Bay scallops Argopecten irradians along the Gyeongnam coast, Korea. Kor. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 52, 241-246 (2019). https://doi.org/10.5657/KFAS.2019.0241
  98. Mok, J.S., Oh, E.G., Son, K.T., Lee, T.S., Lee, K.J., Song, K.C., Kim, J.H., Accumulation and depuration of paralytic shellfish poison in marine organisms. Kor. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 45, 465-471 (2012). https://doi.org/10.5657/KFAS.2012.0465
  99. Choi, N.M.C., Yeung, L.W.Y., Siu, W.H.L., So, I.M.K., Jack, R.W., Hsieh, D.P.H., Wu, R.S.S., Lam, P.K.S., Relationships between tissue concentrations of paralytic shellfish toxins and antioxidative responses of clams, Ruditapes philippinarum. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 52, 572-578 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.01.009
  100. Vidal., A., Correa, J., Blanco, J., Effect of some habitual cooking processes on the domoic acid concentration in the cockle (Cerastoderma edule) and Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum). Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control Expo. Risk Assss., 26, 1089-1095 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030902855422
  101. Papiol, G.G., Casanova, A., Fernandez-Tejedor, M., da la Iglesia, P., Diogene, J., Management of domoic acid monitoring in shellfish from the Catalan coast. Environ. Monit. Assess., 185, 6653-6666 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-3054-6
  102. Wang, X.Z., Cheng, Y., Li, N., Wen, H.M., Liu, R., Shan, C.X., Chai, C., Wu, H., Occurrence and seasonal variation of lipophilic marine toxins in commercial clam species along the coast of Jiangsu, China. Toxins (Basl), 8, 8 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins8010008
  103. Rodriguez, L.P., Vilarino, N., Louzao, M.C., Dickerson, T., Nicolaou, K.C., Federick, M.O., Botana, L.M., Microsphere-based immunoassay for the detection of azaspiracids. Anal. Biochem., 447, 58-63 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2013.10.035
  104. Kim, S.U., Yuk, D.H., Park, Y.A., Kim, J.A., Park, A.S., Kim, Y.C., Analysis of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Korean J. Food Sci. Technol., 44, 390-392 (2012). https://doi.org/10.9721/KJFST.2012.44.4.390
  105. Choi, M.C., Yu, P.K.N., Hsieh, D.P.H., Lam, P.K.S., Trophic transfer of paralytic shellfish toxins from clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) to gastropods (Nassarius festivus). Chemosphere, 64, 1642-1649 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.01.036
  106. Mok, J.S., Lee, T.S., Oh, E.G., Son, K.T., Hwang, H.J., Kim, J.H., Stability of domoic acid at different temperature, pH and light. Korean J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 42, 8-14 (2009). https://doi.org/10.5657/KFAS.2009.42.1.008
  107. Kim, J.H., Suzuki, T., Lee, K.J., Kim, P.H., Kamiyama, T., Lee, T.S., The first detection of okadaic acid and its derivatives in Korean bivalves by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fish. Sci., 74, 433-438 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-2906.2008.01541.x
  108. Okumura, M., Hasegawa, A., Tsuzuki, H., Tohyama, A., In vitro enzymatic transformation of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in the digestive process, with an emphasis on C1 and C2 as N-sulfocarbamoyl toxins. Aichi Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 59, 25-33 (2009).
  109. Sharma, R., Venkateshvaran, K., Purushothaman, C.S., Bioaccumulation and depuration of paralytic shellfish toxin in Perna viridis and Meretrix meretrix from Mumbai, India. Indian J. Mar. Sci., 40, 542-549 (2011).
  110. Choi, K.D., Lee, J.S., Lee, J.O., Oh, K.S., Shin, I.S., Investigation of domoic acid in shellfish collected from Korean fish retail outlets. Food Sci. Biotechnol., 18, 842-848 (2009).
  111. Anderson, D.M., Andersen, P., Bricelj, V.M., Cullen, J.J., Rensel, J.E., 2001. Monitoring and Management Strategies for Harmful Algal Blooms in Coastal Waters, APEC #201-MR-01.1, Asia Pacific Economic Program, Singapore, and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Technical Series No. 59, Paris, France, pp. 211-220.
  112. Koh, E., Kwon, H., Screening of domoic acid, a marine neurotoxin, in Korean Shellfishes. Korean J. Food Sci. Technol., 34, 1130-1133 (2002).
  113. Yamamoto, K., Oikawa, H., Temporal changes and differences in the toxin contents and the profiles between arc shell and Japanese cockle contaminated with paralytic shellfish toxin in Osaka Bay, eastern Seto Inland Sea, Japan. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 83, 589-598 (2017). https://doi.org/10.2331/suisan.17-00006
  114. Ito, K., Asakawa, M., Beppu, R., Takayama, H., Miyazawa, K., PSP-toxicification of the carnivorous gastropod Rapana venosa inhabiting the estuary of Nikoh River, Hiroshima Bay, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 48, 1116-1121 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2003.12.020
  115. Sekiguchi, K., Sato, S., Kaga, S., Ogata, T., Kodama, M., Accumulation of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in bivalves and an ascidian fed on Alexandrium tamarense cells. Fish. Sci., 67, 301-305 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1444-2906.2001.00228.x
  116. Tanabe, T., Chiba, Y., Shibuya, K., Shoji, M., Tissue distribution of diarrhetic shellfish toxins in ascian Halocynthia roretzi. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 86, 476-482 (2020). https://doi.org/10.2331/suisan.20-00006