Acknowledgement
The authors gratefully acknowledge partial financial support for this work by the Hydrogen Energy Innovation Technology Development Program of the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (NRF-2019M3E6A1064020). This research was also supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) and the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE) of Korea (20203030040030).
References
- M. Conte, A. Iacobazzi, M. Ronchetti, and R. Vellone, "Hydrogen economy for a sustainable development: state-of-the-art and technological perspectives", Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 100, No. 1-2, 2001, pp. 171-187, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00893-X.
- S. H. Kang, S. J. Choi, and J. W. Kim, "Analysis of the world energy status and hydrogen energy technology R&D of foreign countries", Trans Korean Hydrogen New Energy Soc, Vol. 18, No. 2, 2007, pp. 216-223. Retrieved from https://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO200721036737451.pdf.
- G. Schiller, R. Henne, and V. Borck, "Vacuum plasma spraying of high-performance electrodes for alkaline water electrolysis", JTST, Vol. 4, 1995, pp. 185-194, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02646111.
- B. Luca, C. Alvin, H. David, L. Franz, M. Ben, and S. Eleanor, "Study on development of water electrolysis in the EU", E4tech, 2014, pp. 1-160. Retrieved from https://www.fch.europa.eu/sites/default/files/FCHJUElectrolysisStudy_FullReport%20(ID%20199214).pdf.
- M. Wang, Z. Wang, X. Gong, and Z. Guo, "The intensification technologies to water electrolysis for hydrogen production -a review", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 29, 2014, pp. 573-588, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.090.
- J. Michalski, U. Bunger, F. Crotogino, S. Donadei, G. S. Schneider, T. Pregger, K. K. Cao, and D. Heide, "Hydrogen generation by electrolysis and storage in salt caverns: potentials, economics and systems aspects with regard to the German energy transition", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 42, No. 19, 2017, pp. 13427-13443, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.02.102.
- O. Schmidt, A. Gambhir, I. Staffell, A. Hawkes, J. Nelson, and S. Fewa, "Future cost and performance of water electrolysis: an expert elicitation study", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 42, No. 52, 2017, pp. 30470-30492, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.10.045.
- B. Jorn and T. Turek, "Alkaline water electrolysis powered by renewable energy: a review", Processes, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2020, pp. 248, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8020248.
- A. Ursua, L. M. Gandia, and P. Sanchis, "Hydrogen production from water electrolysis: current status and future trends", Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 100, No. 2, 2011, pp. 410-426, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2011.2156750.
- K. S. Shiva and V. Himabindu, "Hydrogen production by PEM water electrolysis-a review", Materials Science for Energy Technologies, Vol. 2, No. 3, 2019, pp. 442-454, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mset.2019.03.002.
- H. I. Lee, M. Mehdi, S. K. Kim, H. S. Cho, M. J. Kim, W. C. Cho, Y. W. Rhee, and C. H. Kim, "Advanced zirfon-type porous separator for a high-rate alkaline electrolyser operating in a dynamic mode", Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 616, 2020, pp. 118541, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118541.
- H. S. Choi, D. S. Yim, C. H. Rhyu, J. C. Kim, and G. J. Hwang, "Study on the electrode characteristics for the alkaline water electrolysis", Trans Korean Hydrogen New Energy Soc, Vol. 23, No. 2, 2012, pp. 117-124, doi: https://doi.org/10.7316/KHNES.2012.23.2.117.
- J. Lee, C. Lee, K. Fahy, P. Kim, K. Krause, J. LaManna, E. Baltic, D. Hussey, D. Jacobson, and A. Bazylak, "Accelerating bubble detachment in porous transport layers with patterned throughpores", ACS Applied Energy Materials, Vol. 3, No. 10, 2020, pp. 9676-9684, doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.0c01239.
- M. Carmo, D. L. Fritz, J. Mergel, and D. Stolten, "A comprehensive review on PEM water electrolysis", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 38, No. 12, 2013, pp. 4901-4934, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.01.151.
- Jude O. Majasan, F. Iacoviello, I. S. Cho, M. Maier, X. Lu, T. P. Neville, I. Dedigama, P. R. Shearing, and D. J.L. Brett, "Correlative study of microstructure and performance for porous transport layers in polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysers by X-ray computed tomography and electrochemical characterization", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 44, No. 36, 2019, pp. 19519-19532, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.05.222.
- O. Panchenko, E. Borgardt, W. Zwaygardt, F. J. Hackemuller, M. Bram, N. Kardjilov, and W. Lehnert, "In-situ two-phase flow investigation of different porous transport layer for a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolyzer with neutron spectroscopy", Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 390, 2018, pp. 108-115, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.04.044.
- C. H. Lee, R. Banerjee, F. Arbabi, J. Hinebaugh, and A. Bazylak, "Porous transport layer related mass transport losses in polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis: a review", International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1115/ICNMM2016-7974.
- I. Hiroshi, M. Tetsuhiko, A. Nakano, H. Chul, I. Masayoshi, K. Atsushi, and Y. Tetsuya, "Experimental study on porous current collectors of PEM electrolyzers", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 37, No. 9, 2012, pp. 7418-7428, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.01.095.
- S. A. Grigoriev, P. Millet, S. A. Volobuev, and V. N. Fateev, "Optimization of porous current collectors for PEM water electrolysers", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 34, No. 11, 2009, pp. 4968-4973, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.11.056.
- L. Chang, C. Marcelo, B. Guido, E. Andreas, L. Thomas, Y. James, S. Tom, S. Detlef, and L. Werner, "Performance enhancement of PEM electrolyzers through iridium-coated titanium porous transport layers", Electrochemistry communications, Vol. 97, 2018, pp. 96-99, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2018.10.021.
- S. Maximilian, T. Geert, C. Marcelo, L. Wiebke, M. Martin, and S. Detlef, "Acidic or alkaline? Towards a new perspective on the efficiency of water electrolysis", Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 163, No. 11, 2016, pp. F3197-F3208, doi: https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0271611jes.
- F. Marangio, M. Santarelli, and M. Cali, "Theoretical model and experimental analysis of a high pressure PEM water electrolyser for hydrogen production", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 34, No. 3, 2009, pp. 1143-1158, doi: https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0271611jes.
- M. R. Kraglund, "Alkaline membrane water electrolysis with non-noble catalysts", Energy, Vol. 13, 1988, pp. 141-150. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/131523537.pdf. https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(88)90038-2
- M. B. I. Janjua and R. L. Le Roy. "Electrocatalyst performance in industrial water electrolysers", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 10, No. 1, 1985, pp. 11-19, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-3199(85)90130-2.
- X. Tang, L. Xiao, C. Yang, J. Lu, and L. Zhuang, "Noble fabrication of Ni-Mo cathode for alkaline water electrolysis and alkaline polymer electrolyte water electrolysis", International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 39, No. 7, 2014, pp. 3055-3060, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.12.053.