Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health

The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine (대한예방의학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Associations Between Parental Depression and Early Childhood Development in Indonesia: A Cross-sectional Study

  • Saptarini, Ika (Centre for Research and Development of Public Health Efforts, National Institute of Health Research and Development (NIHRD)) ;
  • Rizkianti, Anissa (Centre for Research and Development of Public Health Efforts, National Institute of Health Research and Development (NIHRD)) ;
  • Arfines, Prisca Petty (Centre for Research and Development of Public Health Efforts, National Institute of Health Research and Development (NIHRD)) ;
  • Suparmi, Suparmi (Centre for Research and Development of Public Health Efforts, National Institute of Health Research and Development (NIHRD)) ;
  • Maisya, Iram Barida (Centre for Research and Development of Public Health Efforts, National Institute of Health Research and Development (NIHRD))
  • Received : 2021.03.23
  • Accepted : 2021.10.24
  • Published : 2021.11.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the associations between parental depression and early childhood development among children aged 36 months to 59 months in Indonesia. Methods: From Indonesia's Basic Health Survey (RISKESDAS) 2018, this study included 6433 children aged 36 months to 59 months and their parents. Maternal and paternal depression was examined using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview survey instrument, which was previously translated into Indonesian. The study also used the Early Child Development Index to measure child development and its 4 domains (cognitive, physical, socio-emotional, and learning). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association between parental depression and early childhood development. Results: Overall, 10.3% of children aged 36 months to 59 months were off-track for development. After adjusting for biological, parental, and social characteristics, children born to parents with depression were found to be 4.72 times more likely to be off-track for development (95% confidence interval, 1.83 to 12.15). Conclusions: Children of depressed parents were more likely to be off-track for development. The findings highlight the need for early diagnosis and timely intervention for parental depression to promote early childhood development.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The authors wish to express their gratitude to the NIHRD, Ministry of Health, for granting permission to use the data.

References

  1. McCoy DC, Peet ED, Ezzati M, Danaei G, Black MM, Sudfeld CR, et al. Early childhood developmental status in low- and middle-income countries: national, regional, and global prevalence estimates using predictive modeling. PLoS Med 2016;13(6):e1002034. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002034
  2. Dickerson A, Popli GK. Persistent poverty and children's cognitive development: evidence from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. J R Stat Soc Ser A Stat Soc 2016;179(2):535-558. https://doi.org/10.1111/rssa.12128
  3. Raikes A, Yoshikawa H, Britto PR, Iruka I. Children, youth and developmental science in the 2015-2030 global sustainable development goals. Soc Policy Rep 2017;30(3):1-23.
  4. Grantham-McGregor S, Cheung YB, Cueto S, Glewwe P, Richter L, Strupp B, et al. Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries. Lancet 2007;369(9555):60-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60032-4
  5. McDonald S, Kehler H, Bayrampour H, Fraser-Lee N, Tough S. Risk and protective factors in early child development: results from the All Our Babies (AOB) pregnancy cohort. Res Dev Disabil 2016;58:20-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2016.08.010
  6. Ministry of Health of Indonesia. Indonesia Basic Health Survey (RISKESDAS) 2018. Jakarta: National Institute of Health Research and Development; 2018, p. 227 (Indonesian).
  7. Ministry of Health of Indonesia. Indonesia Basic Health Survey (RISKESDAS) 2013. Jakarta: National Institute of Health Research and Development; 2013, p. 116 (Indonesian).
  8. Shen H, Magnusson C, Rai D, Lundberg M, Le-Scherban F, Dalman C, et al. Associations of parental depression with child school performance at age 16 years in Sweden. JAMA Psychiatry 2016;73(3):239-246. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.2917
  9. Tuovinen S, Lahti-Pulkkinen M, Girchenko P, Lipsanen J, Lahti J, Heinonen K, et al. Maternal depressive symptoms during and after pregnancy and child developmental milestones. Depress Anxiety 2018;35(8):732-741. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22756
  10. Caccese C, Lew J, Jones SL, Nguyen TA, Rompotinos D, Wu M, et al. Paradoxical effects of paternal anxiety and depression on child cognition and behaviour. Biol Psychiatry 2020;87(9):S427.
  11. Madsen KB, Rask CU, Olsen J, Niclasen J, Obel C. Depression-related distortions in maternal reports of child behaviour problems. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020;29(3):275-285.
  12. Paulson JF, Keefe HA, Leiferman JA. Early parental depression and child language development. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2009;50(3):254-262. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01973.x
  13. Takehara K, Suto M, Kakee N, Tachibana Y, Mori R. Prenatal and early postnatal depression and child maltreatment among Japanese fathers. Child Abuse Negl 2017;70:231-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.06.011
  14. Ramchandani P, Stein A, Evans J, O'Connor TG; ALSPAC study team. Paternal depression in the postnatal period and child development: a prospective population study. Lancet 2005;365(9478):2201-2205. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66778-5
  15. Loizillon A, Petrowski N, Britto P, Cappa C. Development of the Early Childhood Development Index in MICS surveys; 2017 [cited 2021 Mar 1]. Available from: https://mics.unicef.org/files?job=W1siZiIsIjIwMTcvMDkvMTUvMjEvMTUvNDMvMzc4L01JQ1NfTWV0aG9kb2xvZ2ljYWxfUGFwZXJfNi5wZGYiXV0&sha=85c096f0b2c5b0c8.
  16. Miller AC, Garchitorena A, Rabemananjara F, Cordier L, Randriamanambintsoa M, Rabeza V, et al. Factors associated with risk of developmental delay in preschool children in a setting with high rates of malnutrition: a cross-sectional analysis of data from the IHOPE study, Madagascar. BMC Pediatr 2020;20(1):108. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-020-1985-6
  17. Pettersson A, Modin S, Wahlstrom R, Af Winklerfelt Hammarberg S, Krakau I. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview is useful and well accepted as part of the clinical assessment for depression and anxiety in primary care: a mixed-methods study. BMC Fam Pract 2018;19(1):19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-017-0674-5
  18. Ashaba S, Rukundo GZ, Beinempaka F, Ntaro M, LeBlanc JC. Maternal depression and malnutrition in children in southwest Uganda: a case control study. BMC Public Health 2015;15:1303. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2644-y
  19. Lecrubier Y, Weiller E, Hergueta T, Amorim P, Bonorn LL, Lepine JP, et al. Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview version ICD-10. Jakarta: Yayasan Depresi Indonesia; 2007, p. 5 (Indonesian).
  20. Hanington L, Ramchandani P, Stein A. Parental depression and child temperament: assessing child to parent effects in a longitudinal population study. Infant Behav Dev 2010;33(1):88-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2009.11.004
  21. Evans J, Melotti R, Heron J, Ramchandani P, Wiles N, Murray L, et al. The timing of maternal depressive symptoms and child cognitive development: a longitudinal study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2012;53(6):632-640. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02513.x
  22. Brennan PA, Hammen C, Andersen MJ, Bor W, Najman JM, Williams GM. Chronicity, severity, and timing of maternal depressive symptoms: relationships with child outcomes at age 5. Dev Psychol 2000;36(6):759-766. https://doi.org/10.1037//0012-1649.36.6.759
  23. Cogill SR, Caplan HL, Alexandra H, Robson KM, Kumar R. Impact of maternal postnatal depression on cognitive development of young children. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986;292(6529):1165-1167. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.292.6529.1165
  24. Sutter-Dallay AL, Cosnefroy O, Glatigny-Dallay E, Verdoux H, Rascle N. Evolution of perinatal depressive symptoms from pregnancy to two years postpartum in a low-risk sample: the MATQUID cohort. J Affect Disord 2012;139(1):23-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.08.018
  25. Canadian Paediatric Society. Maternal depression and child development. Paediatr Child Health 2004;9(8):575-598. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/9.8.575
  26. Adani S, Cepanec M. Sex differences in early communication development: behavioral and neurobiological indicators of more vulnerable communication system development in boys. Croat Med J 2019;60(2):141-149. https://doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2019.60.141
  27. Peric M, Masnjak RF. Differences between boys and girls in developmental areas. In: Proceedings of Eurlyaid Connference 2017; 2017 Oct 6-8; Belgrade. Belgrade: University of Belgrade; 2017, p. 351-359.
  28. Lewis C, Lamb ME. Fathers' influences on children's development: the evidence from two-parent families. Eur J Psychol Educ 2003;18(2):211-228. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03173485
  29. Spielberger J, Gouvea M, Dinata E, Fleischman L. Father involvement in early childhood development: a brief report from the Palm Beach County Family Study; 2015 [cited 2021 Mar 1]. Available from: https://www.chapinhall.org/wp-content/uploads/Father-Involvement-in-Early-Childhood-Development.pdf.
  30. Han YS, Jun WP. Parental involvement in child's development: father vs. mother. Open J Med Psychol 2013;2:1-6.
  31. Lamb ME, Pleck JH, Charnov EL, Levine JA. A biosocial perspective on paternal behavior and involvement. In: Lancaster JB, Altmann J, Rossi AS, Sherrod LR, editors. Parenting across the life span: biosocial dimensions. London: Routledge; 2017, p. 111-142.
  32. Bales RF, Parsons T. Family: socialization and interaction process. London: Routledge; 2014, p. 329-334.
  33. Pradeep BS, Gururaj G, Varghese M, Benegal V, Rao GN, Sukumar GM, et al. National Mental Health Survey of India, 2016 - rationale, design and methods. PLoS One 2018;13(10):e0205096. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205096
  34. Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E, The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry 1998;59(Suppl 20):22-33.