Computers and Concrete

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Experimental & computational study on fly ash and kaolin based synthetic lightweight aggregate

  • Received : 2020.04.20
  • Accepted : 2020.09.25
  • Published : 2020.10.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The objective of this study is to manufacture environmentally-friendly synthetic lightweight aggregates that may be used in the structural lightweight concrete production. The cold-bonding pelletization process has been used in the agglomeration of the pozzolanic materials to achieve these synthetic lightweight aggregates. In this context, it was aimed to recycle the waste fly ash by employing it in the manufacturing process as the major cementitious component. According to the well-known facts reported in the literature, it is stated that the main disadvantage of the synthetic lightweight aggregate produced by applying the cold-bonding pelletization technique to the pozzolanic materials is that it has a lower strength in comparison with the natural aggregate. Therefore, in this study, the metakaolin made of high purity kaolin and calcined kaolin obtained from impure kaolin have been employed at particular contents in the synthetic lightweight aggregate manufacturing as a cementitious material to enhance the particle crushing strength. Additionally, to propose a curing condition for practical attempts, different curing conditions were designated and their influences on the characteristics of the synthetic lightweight aggregates were investigated. Three substantial features of the aggregates, specific gravity, water absorption capacity, and particle crushing strength, were measured at the end of 28-day adopted curing conditions. Observed that the incorporation of thermally treated kaolin significantly influenced the crushing strength and water absorption of the aggregates. The statistical evaluation indicated that the investigated properties of the synthetic lightweight aggregate were affected by the thermally treated kaolin content more than the kaoline type and curing regime. Utilizing the thermally treated kaolin in the synthetic aggregate manufacturing lead to a more than 40% increase in the crushing strength of the pellets in all curing regimes. Moreover, two numerical formulations having high estimation capacity have been developed to predict the crushing strength of such types of aggregates by using soft-computing techniques: gene expression programming and artificial neural networks. The R-squared values, indicating the estimation performance of the models, of approximately 0.97 and 0.98 were achieved for the numerical formulations generated by using gene expression programming and artificial neural networks techniques, respectively.

Keywords

References

  1. Akcaoglu, T., Cubukoglu, B. and Awad, A. (2019), "A critical review of slag and fly-ash based geopolymer concrete", Comput. Concrete, 24(5), 453-458. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2019.24.5.453.
  2. American Coal Ash Association (ACAA) (2020), Ash Around the World, www.acaa-usa.org.
  3. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM C127-15). (2015), Standard Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
  4. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM C618-19). (2019), Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use as a Mineral Admixture in Concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
  5. Arslan, H. and Baykal, G. (2006), "Utilization of fly ash engineering pellet aggregates", Environ. Geol., 50, 761-770. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-006-0248-7.
  6. Baykal, G. and Doven, A.G. (2000), "Utilization of fly ash as pelletization process; theory, application, areas and research results", Resour. Conserv. Recyc., 30, 59-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-3449(00)00042-2.
  7. British Standard (BS 1907-2) (2010), "Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates", Methods for the Determination of Resistance to Fragmentation.
  8. Cassagnabere, F., Escadeillas, G. and Mouret, M. (2009), "Study of the reactivity of cement/metakaolin binders at early age for specific use in steam cured precast concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 23, 775-784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.02.022.
  9. Chiou, I.J. and Chen, C.H. (2011), "Properties of artificial lightweight aggregates made from waste sludge", Comp. Comput. Concrete, 8(6), 617-629. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/cac.2011.8.6.617.
  10. Doven, A.G. (1998), "Lightweight fly ash aggregate production using cold bonding agglomeration process", Ph.D. Dissertation, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey.
  11. Elmas, C. (2003), "Yapay sinir aglari", Seckin Yayincilik, Ankara, 21-39. (In Turkish)
  12. Ergezer, H., Dikmen, M. and Ozdemir, E. (2003), "Yapay sinir aglari ve tanima sistemleri", Pivolka, 14-17. (In Turkish)
  13. Ferreira, C. (2001), "Gene expression programming; a new adaptive algorithm for solving problems", Complex Syst., 12(2), 87-129.
  14. Gen, M. and Cheng, R. (1997), Genetic Algorithms and Engineering Design, Wiley, USA.
  15. GEP Soft (GeneXproTools 4.0) (2019), http://www.gepsoft.com/.
  16. Gesoglu, M., Guneyisi, E. and Oz, H.O. (2012), "Properties of lightweight aggregates produced with cold-bonding pelletization of fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag", Mater. Struct., 45, 1535-1546. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-012-9855-9.
  17. Gesoglu, M., Turan, O. and Guneyisi, E. (2007), "Effects of fly ash properties on characteristics of cold-bonded fly ash lightweight aggregates", Constr. Build. Mater., 21, 1869-1878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.05.038.
  18. Guneyisi, E. and Mermerdas, K. (2007), "Comparative study on strength, sorptivity, and chloride ingress characteristics of air-cured and water-cured concretes modified with metakaolin", Mater. Struct., 40, 1161-1171. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-007-9258-5.
  19. Guneyisi, E., Gesoglu, M. and Mermerdas, K. (2010), "Strength deterioration of plain and metakaolin concretes in aggressive sulfate environments", ASCE J. Mater. Civil Eng., 22, 403-407. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000034.
  20. Guneyisi, E., Gesoglu, M., Booya, E. and Mermerdas, K. (2015a), "Strength and permeability properties of self compacting concrete with cold bonded fly ash lightweight aggregate", Constr. Build. Mater., 74, 17-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.10.032.
  21. Guneyisi, E., Gesoglu, M., Ghanim, H., Ipek, S. and Taha, I. (2016), "Influence of the artificial lightweight aggregate on fresh properties and compressive strength of the self-compacting mortars", Constr. Build. Mater., 116, 151-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.140.
  22. Guneyisi, E., Gesoglu, M., Ozturan, T. and Ipek, S. (2015b), "Fracture behavior and mechanical properties of concrete with artificial lightweight aggregate and steel fiber", Constr. Build. Mater., 84, 156-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.054.
  23. Guneyisi, E., Gesoglu, M., Ozturan, T. and Mermerdas, K. (2012), "Microstructural properties and pozzolanic activity of calcined kaolins as supplementary cementing materials", Can. J. Civil Eng., 39, 1274-1284. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2011-0586.
  24. Guneyisi, E.M., Mermerdas, K., Guneyisi, E. and Gesoglu, M. (2015), "Numerical modeling of time to corrosion induced cover cracking in reinforced concrete using soft-computing based methods", Mater. Struct., 48, 1739-1756. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0269-8.
  25. Haykin, S. (2000), Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation, 2nd Edition, Mac-millan College Publications Cooperation, New Jersey.
  26. Hebb, D.O. (1949), The Organization of Behavior, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.
  27. Ipek, S., Ayodele, O.A. and Mermerdas, K. (2020), "Influence of artificial aggregate on mechanical properties, fracture parameters and bond strength of concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 238, 117756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117756.
  28. Japon Coal Energy Center (JCOAL) (2020), "Effective use of ash in civil engineering/construction and other applications", http://www.jcoal.or.jp/eng/cctinjapan/2_5C3.pdf.
  29. Jindal, B.B., Singhal, D., Sharma, S., Yadav, A., Shekhar, S. and Anand, A. (2017), "Strength and permeation properties of alccofine activated low calcium fly ash geopolymer concrete", Comput. Concrete, 20(6), 683-688. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2017.20.6.683.
  30. Kayali, O. (2008), "Fly ash lightweight aggregates in high performance concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 22, 2393-2399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.09.001.
  31. Koza, J.R. (1992), Genetic Programming: on the Programming of Computers by Means of Natural Selection, 1st Edition, MIT Press, USA.
  32. Li, X., Zhou, C., Xiao, W. and Nelson, P.C. (2005), "Prefix gene expression programming", Late Breaking Paper at the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, Washington, USA.
  33. Lo, T.Y., Tang, W.C. and Cui, H.Z. (2007), "The effects of aggregate properties on lightweight concrete", Build. Environ., 42, 3025-3029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.06.031.
  34. Manikandan, R. and Ramamurthy, K. (2007), "Influence of fineness of fly ash on the aggregate pelletization process", Cement Concrete Compos., 29, 456-464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2007.01.002.
  35. Math Works (MatlabV.R2018) (2018), http://www.mathworks.com/help/.
  36. Mermerdas, K., Gesoglu, M., Guneyisi, E. and Ozturan, T. (2012), "Strength development of concretes incorporated with metakaolin and different types of calcined kaolins", Constr. Build. Mater., 37, 766-774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.07.077.
  37. Minitab R12 (2020), Statistical Tool. Quality Plaza, 1829 Pine Hall Rd., State College, PA, USA, https://www.minitab.com/en-us/products/minitab/.
  38. Ramamurthy, K. and Harikrishman, K.I. (2006), "Influence of binders on properties of sintered fly ash aggregate", Cement Concrete Compos., 28, 33-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2005.06.005.
  39. Sabau, M. and Vargas, J.R. (2018), "Use of e-plastic waste in concrete as a partial replacement of coarse mineral aggregate.", Comput. Concrete, 21(4), 377-384. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2018.21.4.377.
  40. Sabir, B.B., Wild, S. and Bai, J. (2001), "Metakaolin and calcined clay as pozzolans for concrete: A review", Cement Concrete Compos., 23, 441-454. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(00)00092-5.
  41. Sata, V., Ngohpok, C. and Chindaprasirt, P. (2016), "Properties of pervious concrete containing high-calcium fly ash", Comput. Concrete, 17(3), 337-351. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2016.17.3.337.
  42. Schalkoff, R.J. (1997), Artificial Neural Networks, Columbus: McGraw-Hill.
  43. Senthamilselvi, P. and Palanisamy, T. (2018), "Experimental and analytical study on flexural behaviour of fly ash and paper sludge ash based geopolymer concrete", Comput. Concrete, 21(2), 157-166. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2018.21.2.157.
  44. Shu, C.Y. and Kuo, W.T. (2015), "Expansion behavior of concrete containing different steel slag aggregate sizes under heat curing", Comput. Concrete, 16(3), 487-502. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2015.16.3.487.
  45. Susac, M.Z., Sarlija, N., Bensic, M. and Tortorelli, S. (2005), "Selecting neural network architecture for investment profitability predictions", J. Inform. Organ. Sci., 29(2), 83-95.
  46. Tang, C.W. (2014), "Producing synthetic lightweight aggregates by treating waste TFT-LCD glass powder and reservoir sediments", Comput. Concrete, 13(3), 325-342. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2014.13.3.325.
  47. Topcu, I.B. and Uygunoglu, T. (2007), "Properties of autoclaved lightweight aggregate concrete", Build. Environ., 42, 4108-4116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.11.024.
  48. Turkish Standard (TS EN 197-1) (2012), Cement-Part 1: Composition, Specifications and Conformity Criteria for Common Cements, Turkish Standards.
  49. Vali, K.S. and Murugan, S.B. (2020), "Effect of different binders on cold-bonded artificial lightweight aggregate properties", Adv. Concrete Constr., 9(2), 183-193. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/acc.2020.9.2.183.
  50. Wild, S., Khatib, J.M. and Jones, A. (1996), "Relative strength, pozzolanic activity and cement hydration in superplasticized metakaolin concrete", Cement Concrete Res., 26, 1537-1544. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(96)00148-2.
  51. Zadeh, L.A. (1994), "Soft computing and fuzzy logic", IEEE Softw., 11(6), 48-56. https://doi.org/10.1109/52.329401.

Cited by

  1. Peak strength prediction of reinforced concrete columns in different failure modes based on gene expression programming vol.24, pp.16, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1177/13694332211026216