DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Modeling net energy requirements of 2 to 3-week-old Cherry Valley ducks

  • Yang, Ting (Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University) ;
  • Yu, Lexiao (Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University) ;
  • Wen, Min (Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University) ;
  • Zhao, Hua (Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University) ;
  • Chen, Xiaoling (Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University) ;
  • Liu, Guangmang (Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University) ;
  • Tian, Gang (Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University) ;
  • Cai, Jingyi (Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University) ;
  • Jia, Gang (Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University)
  • Received : 2019.07.11
  • Accepted : 2019.10.30
  • Published : 2020.10.01

Abstract

Objective: A total of three hundred unsexed ducks were utilized to estimate net energy requirements of maintenance (NEm) and weight gain (NEg) for 2 to 3-week-old Cherry Valley ducks and to establish a model equation to predict NE requirements using the factorial method. Methods: To determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) of the diet, fifty 7-day-old ducks at approximately equal body weights (BWs) were randomly assigned into five groups that were fed at different levels (ad libitum, 85%, 75%, 65%, and 55% of ad libitum intake), and the endogenous acid-insoluble ash as indigestible marker. The two hundred and fifty 7-day-old ducks were used for a comparative slaughter experiment. At the beginning of the experiment, ten ducks were sacrificed to determine the initial body composition and energy content. The remaining ducks were randomly assigned into five groups (same as metabolic experiment). Ducks of the ad libitum group were slaughtered at 14 and 21-day-old. At the end of the experiment, two ducks were selected from each replicate and slaughtered to determine the body composition and energy content. Results: The results of the metabolizable experiment showed AME values of 13.43 to 13.77 MJ/kg for ducks at different feed intakes. The results of the comparative slaughter experiment showed the NEm value for 2 to 3-week-old Cherry Valley ducks was 549.54 kJ/kg of BW0.75/d, and the NEg value was 10.41 kJ/g. The deposition efficiency values of fat (Kf) and crude protein (Kp) were 0.96 and 0.60, respectively, and the values of efficiency of energy utilization (Kg) and maintenance efficiency (Km) were 0.75 and 0.88, respectively. Conclusion: The equation for the prediction of NE requirements for 2 to 3-week-old Cherry Valley ducks was the following: NE = 549.54 BW0.75+10.41 ΔW, where ΔW is the weight gain (g).

Keywords

References

  1. De Groote G. A comparison of a new net energy system with the metabolisable energy system in broiler diet formulation, performance and profitability. Br Poult Sci 1974;15:75-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071667408416082
  2. van Milgen J, Noblet J, Dubois S. Energetic efficiency of starch, protein and lipid utilization in growing pigs. J Nutr 2001;131:1309-18. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.4.1309
  3. Swick RA, Wu SB, Zuo JJ, Rodgers N, Barekatain MR, Choct M. Implications and development of a net energy system for broilers. Anim Prod Sci 2013;53:1231-7. https://doi.org/10. 1071/AN13204 https://doi.org/10.1071/AN13204
  4. Sakomura NK, Resende KT, Fernandes JBK, Rabelo CBV, Longo FA, Neme R. Net energy requirement models for broiler breeders, laying hens and broilers. Proceedings of the 15th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition; 2005 25-29 September 2005; Balatonfured, Hungary.
  5. Klis JDVD, Kwakernaak C, Jansman A, Blok M. Energy in poultry diets: adjusted AME or net energy. Proceedings of the 21st Annual Australian Poultry Science Sumposium; 2010 1-3rd February 2010; Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
  6. Kerr BJ, Southern LL, Bidner TD, Friesen KG, Easter RA. Influence of dietary protein level, amino acid supplementation, and dietary energy levels on growing-finishing pig performance and carcass composition. J Anim Sci 2003;81:3075-87. https://doi.org/10.2527/2003.81123075x
  7. Acosta JA, Boyd RD, Patience JF. Digestion and nitrogen balance using swine diets containing increasing proportions of coproduct ingredients and formulated using the net energy system. J Anim Sci 2017;95:1243-52. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2016. 1161
  8. Woyengo TA, Jha R, Beltranena E, Pharazyn A, Zijlstra RT. Nutrient digestibility of lentil and regular-and low-oligosaccharide, micronized full-fat soybean fed to grower pigs. J Anim Sci 2014;92:229-37. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-6555
  9. de Lange CFM, Birkett H. Characterization of useful energy content in swine and poultry feed ingredients. Can J Anim Sci 2005;85:269-80. https://doi.org/10.4141/A04-057
  10. de Lange K, van Milgen J, Noblet J, Dubois S, Birkett S. Previous feeding level influences plateau heat production following a 24 h fast in growing pigs. Br J Nutr 2006;95:1082-7. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN20061748
  11. Zhou W, Yamamoto S. Effects of environmental temperature and heat production due to food intake on abdominal temperature, shank skin temperature and respiration rate of broilers. Br Poult Sci 1997;38:107-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/000716 69708417949
  12. Koh K, Macleod M. Circadian variation in heat production and respiratory quotient in growing broilers maintained at different food intakes and ambient temperatures. Br Poult Sci 1999;40:353-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071669987449
  13. Birkett S, de Lange K. A computational framework for a nutrient flow representation of energy utilization by growing monogastric animals. Br J Nutr 2001;86:661-74. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN2001442
  14. Ning D, Yuan JM, Wang YW, Peng YZ, Guo YM. The net energy values of corn, dried distillers grains with solubles and wheat bran for laying hens using indirect calorimetry method. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2014;27:209-16. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2013.13243
  15. Zhang GF, Liu DW, Wang FL, Li DF. Estimation of the net energy requirements for maintenance in growing and finishing pigs. J Anim Sci 2014;92:2987-95. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-7002
  16. Milgen J, Noblet J. Partitioning of energy intake to heat, protein, and fat in growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2003;81(Suppl 2):E86-93. https://doi.org/10.2527/2003.8114_suppl_2E86x
  17. Noblet J, Milgen JV, Dubois S. Utilisation of metabolisable energy of feeds in pigs and poultry: interest of net energy systems? Proceedings of the 21st Annual Australian Poultry Science Sumposium; 2010 1-3rd February 2010; Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
  18. Lofgreen GP, Garrett WN. A system for expressing net energy requirements and feed values for growing and finishing beef cattle. J Anim Sci 1968;27:793-806. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1968.273793x
  19. Latimer G. Official methods of analysis of AOAC International. 19th ed. Gaithersburg, MD, USA: AOAC International; 2012.
  20. Fosoul SSAS, Azarfar A, Gheisari A, Khosravinia H. Energy utilisation of broiler chickens in response to guanidinoacetic acid supplementation in diets with various energy contents. Br J Nutr 2018;120:131-40. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114517003701
  21. Farrell D. General principles and assumptions of calorimetry. In: Morris TR, Freeman BM, editors. Energy requirements of poultry. Edinberg, UK: British Poultry Science Ltd.; 1974. pp. 1-24.
  22. Boekholt HA, van der Grinten P, Schreurs VV, Los MJ, Leffering CP. Effect of dietary energy restriction on retention of protein, fat and energy in broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 1994;35:603-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071669408417725
  23. Latshaw JD, Moritz JS. The partitioning of metabolizable energy by broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2009;88:98-105. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2008-00161
  24. Latshaw J, Bishop B. Energy required for maintenance of broiler chickens and the change due to body fat content. J Anim Vet Adv 2004;3:19-23.
  25. Nourmohammadi R, Khosravinia H, Afzali N. Effects of feed form and xylanase supplementation on metabolizable energy partitioning in broiler chicken fed wheat-based diets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 2018;102:1593-600. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12980
  26. Saleh EA, Watkins SE, Waldroup AL, Waldroup PW. Effects of dietary nutrient density on performance and carcass quality of male broilers grown for further processing. Int J Poult Sci 2004;3:1-10. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2004.1.10
  27. Morris TR. Nutrition of chicks and layers. Worlds Poult Sci J 2004;60:5-18. https://doi.org/10.1079/WPS20031
  28. Jordao Filho J, Silva JHVd, Silva CT, Costa FGP, Sousa JMBd, Givisiez PEN. Energy requirement for maintenance and gain for two genotypes of quails housed in different breeding rearing systems. Rev Bras Zootec 2011;40:2415-22. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982011001100019
  29. Martin PA, Bradford GD, Gous RM. A formal method of determining the dietary amino acid requirements of laying-type pullets during their growing period. Br Poult Sci 1994; 35:709-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071669408417737
  30. Bartov I, Plavnik I. Moderate excess of dietary protein increases breast meat yield of broiler chicks. Poult Sci 1998;77:680-8. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/77.5.680
  31. Sakomura NK, Longo FA, Oviedo-Rondon EO, Boa-Viagem C, Ferraudo A. Modeling energy utilization and growth parameter description for broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2005;84:1363-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/84.9.1363
  32. Neme R, Sakomura NK, Fukayama EH, et al. Growth curves and deposition of body components in pullets of different strains. Rev Bras Zootec 2006;35:1091-100. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982006000400021
  33. Zancanela V, Marcato SM, Furlan AC, et al. Models for predicting energy requirements in meat quail. Livest Sci 2015;171:12-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2014.10.002
  34. Sakomura NK, Longo FA, Rabello CB-V, Watanabe K, Pelicia K, Freitas ER. Effect of dietary metabolizable energy on energy metabolism and performance in broiler chickens. Rev Bras Zootec 2004;33:1758-67. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598 2004000700014
  35. Liu W, Lin CH, Wu ZK, et al. Estimation of the net energy requirement for maintenance in broilers. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2017;30:849-56. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.16. 0484
  36. Noblet J, Dubois S, Lasnier J, et al. Fasting heat production and metabolic BW in group-housed broilers. Animal 2015;9:1138-44. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731115000403
  37. Ozkan S, Akbas Y, Altan O, Altan A, Ayhan V, Ozkan K. The effect of short-term fasting on performance traits and rectal temperature of broilers during the summer season. Br Poult Sci 2003;44:88-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071660310000 85292
  38. Wiernusz CJ, Teeter RG. Feeding effects on broiler thermobalance during thermoneutral and high ambient temperature exposure. Poult Sci 1993;72:1917-24. https://doi.org/10.3382/ ps.0721917
  39. Morgan NK, Keerqin C, Wallace A, Wu SB, Choct M. Effect of arabinoxylo-oligosaccharides and arabinoxylans on net energy and nutrient utilization in broilers. Anim Nutr 2019; 5:56-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2018.05.001
  40. Silva JHVD, Silva MBD, Jordao Filho J, et al. Maintenance and weight gain of crude protein and metabolizable energy requirements of japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) from 1 to 12 days of age. Rev Bras Zootec 2004;33:1209-19. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982004000500013
  41. Silva JHVD, Silva MBD, Jordao Filho J, et al. Maintenance and weight gain in crude protein and metabolizable energy requirements of japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) from 15 to 32 days of age. Rev Bras Zootec 2004;33:1220-30. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982004000500014
  42. Sakomura NK, Silva R, Couto HP, Coon C, Pacheco CR. Modeling metabolizable energy utilization in broiler breeder pullets. Poult Sci 2003;82:419-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/82.3.419
  43. Murawska D. The effect of age on the growth rate of tissues and organs and the percentage content of edible and nonedible carcass components in Pekin ducks. Poult Sci 2012;91:2030-8. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2011-02083
  44. Longo FA, Sakomura NK, Rabello CB-V, Figueiredo AN, Fernandes JBK. Metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance and growth of broilers. Rev Bras Zootec 2006;35:119-25. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982006000100015
  45. Nieto R, Prieto C, Fernandez-Figares I, Aguilera JF. Effect of dietary protein quality on energy metabolism in growing chickens. Br J Nutr 1995;74:163-72. https://doi.org/10.1079/ BJN19950120
  46. MacLeod MG. Energy and nitrogen intake, expenditure and retention at 20 degrees in growing fowl given diets with a wide range of energy and protein contents. Br J Nutr 1990;64:625-37. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19900066
  47. Rivera-Torres V, Noblet J, Dubois S, van Milgen J. Energy partitioning in male growing turkeys. Poult Sci 2010;89:530-8. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2009-00353
  48. Carre B, Lessire M, Juin H. Prediction of the net energy value of broiler diets. Animal 2014;8:1395-401. https://doi.org/10.1017/S175173111400130X