Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment (생태와환경)

The Korean Society of Limnology (한국수생태학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

An Evaluation on Restoration Effect in the Restored Yangjae Stream and the Improvement Plan Based on the Result

복원된 양재천에서 복원 효과 평가 및 평가 결과에 기초한 개선방안

  • Kim, A Reum (Department of Bio and Environmental Technology, Graduate School, Seoul Women's University) ;
  • Kim, Dong Uk (Department of Bio and Environmental Technology, Graduate School, Seoul Women's University) ;
  • Lim, Bong Soon (Department of Bio and Environmental Technology, Graduate School, Seoul Women's University) ;
  • Seol, Jae Won (Department of Bio and Environmental Technology, Graduate School, Seoul Women's University) ;
  • Lee, Chang Seok (Department of Bio and Environmental Technology, Seoul Women's University)
  • 김아름 (서울여자대학교 생명환경공학과 대학원) ;
  • 김동욱 (서울여자대학교 생명환경공학과 대학원) ;
  • 임봉순 (서울여자대학교 생명환경공학과 대학원) ;
  • 설재원 (서울여자대학교 생명환경공학과 대학원) ;
  • 이창석 (서울여자대학교 생명환경공학과)
  • Received : 2020.12.07
  • Accepted : 2020.12.09
  • Published : 2020.12.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study was carried out to evaluate the restoration effect in the restored Yangjae stream and to draw up an adaptive management plan based on the results. As the result of evaluation on the restoration effect, the restored Yangjae stream was evaluated with low naturalness in both terms of the morphology of the stream and the composition and spatial distribution of vegetation. The diverse functional groups were introduced in the vegetation restoration, but the flooding regime, which is significant in the spatial distribution of riparian vegetation, were not correctly reflected. Exotic species or species that were not ecologically suitable for the location were introduced on the embankment and thus a measure to improve those problems is required. As the ecological principle was not reflected in the restoration plan, the stream was constructed as the double terrace structure. Therefore, the width of the waterway was narrowed further, and the waterfront was not designed to accommodate changes from flooding disturbance, making the micro-topography of the stream simpler and the naturalness lower. The adaptive management plan was prepared to improve those problems, and a plan for creating an ecological network was recommended to enhance the restoration effect.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

이 논문은 서울여자대학교 교내연구비의 지원을 받았음(2020-0250).

References

  1. An, J.H., C.H. Lim, S.H. Jung, A.R. Kim and C.S. Lee. 2016. Effects of climate change on biodiversity and measure for them. Journal of Wetlands Restoration 18: 481-487 (Korean literature). https://doi.org/10.17663/JWR.2016.18.4.481
  2. An, J.H., C.H. Lim, S.H. Jung, A.R. Kim, D.M. Woo and C.S. Lee. 2017. Restoration plan of Changwon and Nam streams based on the results of diagnostic assessment Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment 33: 511-524 (Korean literature).
  3. An, J.H., C.H. Lim, Y.K. Lim, K.B. Nam and C.S. Lee. 2014. A review of restoration project evaluation and post management for ecological restoration of the river. Restoration Ecology 4: 15-34 (Korean literature).
  4. Aronson, J.C., E. Le Floch, C. Ovalle and R. Pontanier. 1993. Restoration and rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems in arid and semi-arid lands. II. Case studies in southern Tunisia, Central Chile and northern Cameroon. Restoration Ecology 3: 168-187.
  5. Aronson, J.C. and E. Le Floch. 1996. Vital landscape attributes: missing tools for restoration ecology. Restoration Ecology 4: 377-387. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.1996.tb00190.x
  6. Barbour, M.T., J. Gerritsen, B.D. Snyder snd J.B. Stribling. 1999. Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers. United States Environmental Protection Agency. DC, Office of Water.
  7. Bennett, S.J., A. Simon, J.M. Castro, J.F. Atkinson, C.E. Bronner, S.S. Blersch and A.J. Rabideau. 2013. The evolving science of stream restoration. In: Stream Restoration in Dynamic Fluvial Systems. Hoboken, Wiley Online Library.
  8. Boromisza, Z., A. Gergely, E. Jakli and C. Xuecheng. 2019. Landscape, ecological and visual impacts of a stream restoration in Hungary. In: Proceedings of the Fabos Conference on Landscape and Greenway Planning, Vol. 6, Article 4.
  9. Bradshaw, A.D. 1984. Ecological principles and land reclamation practice. Landscape Plan 11: 35-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3924(84)90016-9
  10. Cantonati, M., S. Poikane, C.M. Pringle, L.E. Stevens, E. Turak, J. Heino, J.S. Richardson, R. Bolpagni, A. Borrini, N. Cid, M. Ctvrtlikova, D.M.P. Galassi, M. Hajek, I. Hawes, Z. Levkov, L. Naselli-Flores, A.A. Saber, M. Di Cicco, B. Fiasca, P.B. Hamilton, J. Kubecka, S. Segadelli and P. Znachor. 2020. Characteristics, main impacts, and stewardship of natural and artificial freshwater environments: consequences for biodiversity conservation. Water 12: 260. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12010260
  11. Choi, Y.D. 2004. Theories for ecological restoration in changing environment: toward 'futuristic' restoration. Ecology Restoration 19: 75-81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1703.2003.00594_19_1.x
  12. Deffner, J. and P. Haase. 2018. The societal relevance of river restoration. Ecology and Society 23: 35
  13. Doll, B.A., G.L. Grabow, K.R. Hall, J. Halley, W.A. Harman, G.D. Jennings and D.E. Wise. 2003. Stream Restoration: A Natural Channel Design Handbook, NC Stream Restoration Institute. NC State University, Raleigh.
  14. Ellenberg, H. 1986. Vegetation Mitteleuropas mit den Alpen in okologischer Sicht, Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1334.
  15. Farina, A. 2006. Principles and methods in landscape ecology. Towards a science of landscape. Springer, Netherlands.
  16. Florsheim, J.L., J.F. Mount and A. Chin. 2008. Bank erosion as a desirable attribute of rivers. Bioscience 58: 519-529. https://doi.org/10.1641/B580608
  17. Fokkens, B. 2006. The Dutch strategy for safety and river flood prevention. In Extreme hydrological events: new concepts for security. Springer: Dordrecht, Nederland, pp. 337-352.
  18. Freedman, B. 1995. Environmental Ecology: The Ecological Effects of Pollution, Disturbance, and Other Stresses, 2nd ed. Academic Press, San Diego.
  19. Gardali, T., A.L. Holmes, S.L. Small, N. Nor, G.R. Geupel and G.H. Golet. 2006. Abundance patterns of land birds in restored and remnant riparian forests on the Sacramento River, California, USA. Restoration Ecology 14: 391-403. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2006.00147.x
  20. Gilvear, D. and R. Bryant. 2016. Analysis of Remotely sensed data for fluvial geomorphology and river science. In: Tools in Fluvial Geomorphology, 2nd ed. Chichester, John Wiley & Sons.
  21. Goodwin, C.N., C.P. Hawkins and J.L. Kershner. 1997. Riparian restoration in the Western United States: overview and perspective. Restoration Ecolology 5: 4-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.1997.00004.x
  22. Golet, G.H., D.L. Brown, M. Carlson, T. Gardali, A. Henderson, K.D. Holl, C.A. Howell, M. Holyoak, J.W. Hunt, G.M. Kondolf, E.W. Larsen, R.A. Luster, C. McClain, C. Charles Nelson, S. Paine, W. Rainey, Z. Rubin, F. Shilling, J.G. Silveira, H. Swagerty, N.M. Williams and D.M. Wood. 2013. Successes, failures and suggested future directions for ecosystem restoration of the middle Sacramento River, California. San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science. 11.
  23. Gunn, J.M. (ed.). 1995. Restoration and Recovery of an Industrial Region. Springer-Verlag, New York.
  24. Higgs, E.S. 1997. What is good ecological restoration?. ProEnvironment/ProMediu 11: 338-348.
  25. Hobbs, R. 2009. Woodland restoration in Scotland: ecology, history, culture, economics, politics and change. Journal of Environmental Management 90: 2857-2865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.10.014
  26. Hobbs, R.J. and D.A. Norton. 1996. Toward a conceptual framework for restoration ecology. Restoration Ecology 4: 93-110. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.1996.tb00112.x
  27. Hong, S.K. and C.S. Lee. 1997. Development and roles of landscape ecology as an emerging opportunity for ecology. Korean Journal of Ecology 20(3): 217-227.
  28. Hull, R.B. and P.H. Gobster. 2000. Restoring forest ecosystems: the human dimension. Journal of Forestry 98: 32-36.
  29. Jung, S.H., A.R. Kim, J.H. An, C.H. Lim, H.S. Lee and C.S. Lee. 2020. Abnormal shoot growth in Korean red pine as a response 6 to microclimate changes due to urbanization in Korea. International Journal of Biometeorology 64: 571-584. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-019-01843-6
  30. Jung, S.H., A.R. Kim, J. Seol, B.S. Lim and C.S. Lee. 2018. Characteristics and reference information of riparian vegetation for realizing ecological restoration classified by reach of the river in Korea. Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment 34: 447-461 (Korean literature).
  31. Kauffman, J.B., R.L. Beschta, N. Otting and D. Lytjen. 1997. An ecological perspective of riparian and stream restoration in the western United States. Fisheries 22: 12-24. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446(1997)022<0012:AEPORA>2.0.CO;2
  32. Kent, M. and P. Cocker. 2011. Vegetation Description and Analysis: A Practical Approach. CRC Press, Florida.
  33. Kerans, B.L. and J.R. Karr. 1994. A benthic index of biotic integrity (B-IBI) for rivers of the Tennessee Valley. Ecological Applications 4 (4): 768-785. https://doi.org/10.2307/1942007
  34. Kondolf, G.M. 1997. Application of the pebble count: notes on purpose, method, and variants. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 33: 79-87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb04084.x
  35. Kondolf, G.M. and E.R. Micheli. 1995. Evaluating stream restoration projects. Environmental Management 19: 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02471999
  36. Kondolf, G.M. and S. Li. 1992. The pebble count technique for quantifying surface bed material size in instream flow studies. Rivers 3: 80-87.
  37. Le, H.D., C. Smith, J. Herbohn and S. Harrison. 2012. More than just trees: assessing reforestation success in tropical developing countries. Journal of Rural Studies 28: 5-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2011.07.006
  38. Lee, C.S. 2003. Landscape ecological characteristics and use of ecological information in the northern area of the CCZ. Environmental ecological survey analysis and impact assessment workshop of the DMZ: 165-192.
  39. Lee, C.S. 2016. Role and task of restoration ecology in changing environment: Trends and issues in academic study, Biology. The National Academy of Sciences 5: 481-527 (Korean literature).
  40. Lee, C.S. and A.N. Lee. 2004. Restoration Effects Confirmed in the Environmental Forests Created on the Bases of Ecological Principles. Journal of Environmental Biology 22(1): 220-226.
  41. Lee, C.S. and Y.H. You. 2001. Development and Outlook of Restoration Ecology as an Ecology for the Future. Korean Journal of Ecology 24(3): 191-202.
  42. Lee, C.S., A.N. Lee and Y.C. Cho. 2008. Restoration Planning for the Seoul Metropolitan Area, Korea. p. 393-419. In: Ecology, Planning, and Management of Urban Forests: International Perspectives (Carreiro, M.M. et al., ed.). Springer, New York.
  43. Lee, C.S., J.M. Oh and N.J. Lee. 2002. Riverine environment and riparian plant. Donghwagisul Pub. Co., Seoul.
  44. Lee, C.S., A.N. Lee, Y.C. Cho, H.C. Shin and H.S. Woo. 2004. Effects of partial restoration practiced by a method suitable for the riverine environment in Korea. Proceedings of 16th International Conference, Society for Ecological Restoration International, August 24-26, 2004, Victoria, Canada, pp. 1-10.
  45. Lee, C.S., J.H. An, J.H. Pee, S.M. Lee and J.S. Lee. 2011a. Futuristic direction of river restoration in Korea under changing climate change. Restoration Ecology 2: 137-143 (Korean literature).
  46. Lee, C.S., J.S. Moon, H.S. Woo, H.G. Ahn, G.H. Cho, Y.S. Bae and H.G. Byun. 2006. An analysis on landscape structure and biodiversity of the Bokha River as a model to restore the degraded urban river. Journal of Ecology Field Biology 29: 113-124.
  47. Lee, C.S., S.G. Hong, H.J. Cho and J.M. Oh. 1999. Riverine environment and riparian plant. Donghwagisul Pub. Co., Seoul.
  48. Lee, C.S., Y.C. Cho, H.C. Shin, J.S. Moon, B.C. Lee, Y.S. Bae, H.G. Byun and H. Yi. 2005. Ecological Response of Streams in Korea under Different Management Regimes. Water Engineering Research 6(3):131-147.
  49. Lee, C.S., Y.C. Cho, H.C. Shin, S.M. Lee and H.J. Cho. 2007a. Effects of partial restoration practiced by a method suitable for the riverine environment in Korea. Journal of Ecology and Field Biology 30: 155-162.
  50. Lee, C.S., Y.C. Cho, W.S. Woo, S.A. Park and E.S. Seol. 2007b. Diagnosis of restoration effects and improving plan in the restored Cheonggye stream. Journal of Water Resources Association 2007: 1135-1139
  51. Lee, C.S., Y.C. Cho, H.C. Shin, G.S. Kim and J.H. Pi. 2010. Control of an invasive alien species, Ambrosia trifida with restoration by introducing willows as a typical riparian vegetation. Journal of Ecology and Field Biology 32: 207-215.
  52. Lee, C.S., Y.M. Jeong and H.S. Kang. 2011b. Concept, direction, and task of ecological restoration. Restoration Ecology 2: 59-71 (Korean literature).
  53. Lee, H.S., H.M. Yoo and C.S. Lee. 2003. Distribution pattern of white snakeroot as an invasive alien plant and restoration strategy to inhibit its expansion in Seoripool park, Seoul. Korean Journal of Biological Science 7: 197-205. https://doi.org/10.1080/12265071.2003.9647705
  54. Leps, M., A. Sundermann, J.D. Tonkin, A.W. Lorenz and P. Haase. 2016. Time is no healer: increasing restoration age does not lead to improved benthic invertebrate communities in restored river reaches. Science of the Total Environment 557: 722-732.
  55. Lim, C.H, J.H. Pi, A.R. Kim, H.J. Cho, K.S. Lee, Y.H. You, K.H. Lee, K.D. Kim, J.S. Moon, H. Lee and C.S. Lee. 2020. Diagnostic evaluation and systematization of the reference information for river restoration in South Korea. International J Environmental Research and Public Health. In Press.
  56. Lisle, T.E., J.M. Buffington, P.R. Wilcock and K. Bunte. 2015. Can rapid assessment protocols be used to judge sediment impairment in gravel-bed streams? A commentary. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 51: 373-387. https://doi.org/10.1111/jawr.12255
  57. McDonald, T., G.D. Gann, J. Jonson and K.W. Dixon. 2016. International Standards for the Practice of Ecological Restoration-Including Principles and Key Concepts. DC, Society for Ecological Restoration.
  58. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA). 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. Island Press, Washington, DC.
  59. Miller, S.W., P. Budy and J.C. Schmidt. 2010. Quantifying macroinvertebrate responses to in-stream habitat restoration: applications of meta-analysis to river restoration. Restoration Ecology 18: 8-19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2009.00605.x
  60. National Research Council (NRC). 1992. Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems: Science, Technology, and Public Policy. National Academy Press, DC.
  61. Noss, R.F. 1990. Indicators for monitoring biodiversity: a hierarchical approach. Conservation Biology 4: 355-364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1990.tb00309.x
  62. Odum, E.P. and G.W. Barrett. 2005. Fundamentals of Ecology. Thomson Brooks/Cole, Belmont.
  63. Ormerod, S.J. 2003. Restoration in applied ecology: editor's introduction. Journal of Applied Ecology 40: 44-50. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00799.x
  64. Palmer, M.A., E.S. Bernhardt, J.D. Allan, P.S. Lake, G. Alexander, S. Brooks, J. Carr, S. Clayton, C.N. Dahm, J.F. Shah, D.L. Galat, S.G. Loss, P. Goodwin, D.D. Hart, B. Hassett, R. Jenkinson, G.M. Kondolf, R. Lave, J.L. Meyer, T.K. O'Donnell, L. Pagano and E. Sudduth. 2005. Standards for ecologically successful river restoration. Journal of Applied Ecology 42: 208-217. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01004.x
  65. Palmer, M.A., H.L. Menninger and E. Bernhardt. 2010. River restoration, habitat heterogeneity and biodiversity: a failure of theory or practice?. Freshwater Biology 55: 205-222. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02372.x
  66. Petts, G. and P. Calow. 1996. River restoration. Blackwell Science, London.
  67. Petts, G.E., H. Moller and A.L. Roux. 1989. Historical Changes of Large Alluvial Rivers: Western Europe. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.
  68. Postel, S. and B. Richter. 2003. Rivers for Life: Managing Water for People and Nature. Island Press, DC.
  69. Purcell, A.H., C. Friedrich, H. Vincent and V.H. Resh. 2002. An assessment of a small urban stream restoration project in Northern California. Restoration Ecology 10: 685-694. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.2002.01049.x
  70. Rosgen, D.L. 2001. A practical method of computing streambank erosion rate. In: Proceedings of the Seventh Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference, Reno, NV, USA, 25-29 March 2001.
  71. Rubin, Z., G.M. Kondolf, B. Rios-Touma. 2017. Evaluating Stream Restoration Projects: what do we Learn from monitoring?. Water 9: 174. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9030174
  72. Ruiz-Jaen, M.C. and T.M. Aide. 2005a. Restoration success: how is it being measured? Restoration Ecology 13: 569-577. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2005.00072.x
  73. Ruiz-Jaen, M.C. and T.M. Aide. 2005b. Vegetation structure, species diversity, and ecosystem processes as measures of restoration success. Forest Ecology and Management 218: 159-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.07.008
  74. Salinas, M.J. and J. Guiraldo. 2002. Riparian plant restoration in summer-dry riverbeds of Southeastern Spain. Restoration Ecology 10: 695-702. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.2002.01050.x
  75. Seabrook, L., C.A. McAlpine and M.E. Bowen. 2011. Restore, repair or reinvent: options for sustainable landscapes in a changing climate. Landscape and Urban Planning 100(4): 407-410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.02.015
  76. Shields, F.D., R.E. Lizotte, S.S. Knight, C.M. Cooper and D. Wilcox. 2010. The stream channel incision syndrome and water quality. Ecological Engineering 36: 78-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2009.09.014
  77. Society for Ecological Restoration (SER). 2004. The SER Primer on Ecological Restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration International, Arizona, USA.
  78. Society for Ecological Restoration International Science and Policy Working Group (SERI, PWG). 2004. The SER International Primer on Ecological Restoration. www.ser. org and Tucson: Society for Ecological Restoration International.
  79. Suding, K.N. 2011. Toward an era of restoration in ecology: successes, failures, and opportunities ahead. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 42: 465-487. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102710-145115
  80. Summers, J.K., L.M. Smith, J.L. Case and R.A. Linthurst. 2012. A review of the elements of human well-being with an emphasis on the contribution of ecosystem services. Ambio 41: 327-340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-012-0256-7
  81. Swanson, S. and P.L. Wagner. 2003. Flows for floodplain forests: A successful riparian restoration. BioScience 53: 647-656. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0647:FFFFAS]2.0.CO;2
  82. Thorpe, A.S. and A.G. Stanley. 2011. Determining appropriate goals for restoration of imperiled communities and species. Journal of Applied Ecology 48: 275-279. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.01972.x
  83. Weber, C., U. Aberg, A.D. Buijse, F.M.R. Hughes, B.G. McKie, H. Piegay, P. Roni, S. Vollenweider and S. Susanne Haertel-Borer. 2017. Goals and principles for programmatic river restoration monitoring and evaluation: collaborative learning across multiple projects. In: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Water. 2017: e1257. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1257.
  84. Whitacre, H.W., B.B. Roper and J.L. Kershner. 2007. A Comparison of Protocols and Observer Precision for Measuring Physical Stream Attributes1. Hoboken, Wiley Online Library.
  85. White, P.S. and J.L. Walker. 1997. Approximating nature's variation: Selecting and using reference information in restoration ecology. Restoration Ecology 5: 338-349. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.1997.00547.x
  86. Whittier, T.R., J.L. Stoddard, D.P. Larsen and A.T. Herlihy. 2007. Selecting reference sites for stream biological assessments: best professional judgment or objective criteria. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 26: 349-360. https://doi.org/10.1899/0887-3593(2007)26[349:SRSFSB]2.0.CO;2
  87. Wild, T.C., J.F. Bernet and E.L. Westling. 2011. Deculverting: reviewing the evidence on the 'daylighting' and restoration of culverted rivers. Journal of Water Environment 25: 412-421. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2010.00236.x
  88. Wohl, E., S.N. Lane and A.C. Wilcox. 2015. The science and practice of river restoration. Water Resources Research 51: 5974-5997. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014WR016874
  89. Woo, H.S., S.U. Choi, B.M. Yoon and K.H. Cho. 2004. Effect of flow-regime change due to damming on the river morphology and vegetation cover in the downstream River Reach: A case of Hapchon Dam on the Hwang River. Journal of Korea Water Resources Association 37: 56-66.
  90. Woolsey, S., F. Capelli, T. Gonser, E. Hoehn, M. Hostmann, B. Junker, A. Paetzold, C. Roulier, S. Schweizer, S.D. Tiegs, K. Tockner, C. Weber and A. Peter. 2007. A strategy to assess river restoration success. Freshwater Biology 52: 752-769. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01740.x
  91. Wortley, L., J.M. Hero and M. Howes. 2013. Evaluating ecological restoration success: A review of the literature. Restoration Ecology 21: 537-543. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12028
  92. Zeiringer, B., C. Seliger, F. Greimel and S. Schmutz. 2018. River Hydrology, Flow Alteration, and Environmental Flow. In: Riverine Ecosystem Management (Schmutz, S. and J. Sendzimir, eds.). Aquatic Ecology Series 8. SpringerOpen, NY.
  93. Zeng, L., L. Zhou, D.L. Guo, D.H. Fu, P. Xu, S. Zeng, Q.D. Tang, A.L. Chen, F.Q., Luo, Y., Gui-Feng and G.F. Li. 2017. Ecological effects of dams, alien fish, and physiochemical environmental factors on homogeneity/heterogeneity of fish community in four tributaries of the Pearl River in China. Ecology and Evolution 7: 3904-3915. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2920
  94. Zonneveld, I.S. 1995. Land ecology: an introduction to landscape ecology as a base for land evaluation, land management and conservation. SPB Academic Publishing.