DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Review of effective instructional methods for medical education: focusing on flipped learning

효과적인 의학교육을 위한 교수방법 고찰: 플립러닝(Flipped Learning)을 중심으로

  • Hong, Hyeonmi (Education Research Institute, Seoul National University) ;
  • Jung, Young-Eun (Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Jeju National University)
  • 홍현미 (서울대학교 교육연구소) ;
  • 정영은 (제주대학교 의과대학 정신건강의학교실)
  • Received : 2020.04.20
  • Accepted : 2020.04.30
  • Published : 2020.04.30

Abstract

Recently, an advanced form of blended learning, which incorporates a teaching method that focuses on flipped learning is actively used in colleges. Flipped learning is for learners to pre-learn content through videos uploaded by instructors before class, and then participate in learner-centered learning activities such as discussions and team activities in the classroom. The purpose of this paper is to review where flipped learning is being used in medical schools, and to draw implications for effective and efficient use in medical schools. For this, the definition of flipped learning, how it evolved, educational usefulness of this method of learning, and application cases in medical schools were reviewed. Through the reviews of cases of flipped learning and its positive effects, it is suggested that medical schools consider more use of flipped learning in the classroom instructions, with sensitivity to the individual medical departments' needs, environment and professors' preferences.

Keywords

References

  1. Bergmann J, Sams A. Flip your Classroom: Reach every Student in Every Class Every Day. Eugene, OR: International Society for Technology in Education 2012.
  2. Bishop JL, Verleger MA. The flipped classroom: a survey of the research. 120th ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition; Atlanta, GA 2013.
  3. Schwartzstein RM, Dienstag JL, King RW, Chang BS, Flanagan JG, Besche HC, et al. The Harvard medical school pathways curriculum: reimagining developmentally appropriate medical education for contemporary learners. Acad Med 2020;1-32. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-197001000-00001
  4. Evans KH, Thompson AC, O'Brien C, Bryant M, Basaviah P, Prober C, et al. An innovative blended preclinical curriculum in clinical epidemiology and biostatistics: impact on student satisfaction and performance. Acad Med 2016;91:696-700. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000001085
  5. Sohn S, Lee YM, Jung J, Cha ES, Chun BC. The flipped classroom model for an undergraduate epidemiology course. Korean J Med Educ 2019;31:103-13. https://doi.org/10.3946/kjme.2019.122
  6. Chen F, Lui AM, Martinelli SM. A systematic review of the effectiveness of flipped classrooms in medical education. Med Educ 2017;51:585-97. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.13272
  7. Kim H, Kim YH. An action research on flipped learning for fundamental nursing practice courses. J Korean Acad Fundam Nurs 2017;24:265-76. https://doi.org/10.7739/jkafn.2017.24.4.265
  8. Lee MK, Chang SJ, Jang SJ. Effects of the flipped classroom approach on the psychiatric nursing practicum course. J Korean Acad Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2017;26:196-203. https://doi.org/10.12934/jkpmhn.2017.26.2.196
  9. Lee B, Hwang SY. Class experience of the students on pregnancy, delivery and puerperium nursing course through flipped learning: mixed method research. Korean J Women Health Nurs 2016;22:221-32. https://doi.org/10.4069/kjwhn.2016.22.4.221
  10. McLaughlin JE, Roth MT, Glatt DM, Gharkholonarehe N, Davidson CA, Griffin LM, et al. The flipped classroom: a course redesign to foster learning and engagement in a health professions school. Acad Med 2014;89:236-43. https://doi.org/10.1097/acm.0000000000000086
  11. Morton DA, Colbert-Getz JM. Measuring the impact of the flipped anatomy classroom: the importance of categorizing an assessment by Bloom's taxonomy. Anat Sci Educ 2017;10:170-5. https://doi.org/10.1002/ase.1635
  12. Prober CG, Khan S. Medical education reimagined: a call to action. Acad Med 2013;88:1407-10. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0b013e3182a368bd
  13. Galaway LP, Corbett KK, Takaro TK, Tairyan K, Frank E. A novel integration of online and flipped classroom instructional models in public health higher education. BMC Med Educ 2014;14:181. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-14-181
  14. Tucker B. The flipped classroom. Edu Next 2012;12:82-3.
  15. Strayer JF. How learning in an inverted classroom influences cooperation, innovation and task orientation. Learn Environ Res 2012;15:171-93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10984-012-9108-4
  16. Bloom BS. Taxonomy of educational objectives, handbook I: the cognitive domain. New York: David McKay Co. 1956.
  17. Anderson W, Krathwohl DR. A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: A revision of Bloom' educational objectives. New York: Longamn. 2001.
  18. Hwang GJ, Lai CL, Wang SY. Seamless flipped learning: a mobile technology-enhanced flipped classroom with effective learning strategies. J Comput Edu 2015;2:449-73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40692-015-0043-0
  19. Bishop JL, Verleger MA. Testing the flipped classroom with model-eliciting activities and video lectures in a mid-level undergraduate engineering course. In Frontiers in Education Conference; 2013.
  20. Butt A. Student views on the use of a flipped classroom approach: Evidence from Australia. Bus Educ Accredit 2014;6:33-44.
  21. Critz CM, Knight D. Using the flipped classroom in graduate nursing education. Nurse Educ 2013;38:210-3. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNE.0b013e3182a0e56a
  22. Enfield J. Looking at the impact of the flipped classroom model of instruction on undergraduate multimedia students at CSUN. TechTrends 2013;57:14-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-013-0698-1
  23. Kellogg S. Developing online materials to facillitate an inverted classroom approach. Frontiers in Education Conference, 2009.
  24. Roehl A, Reddy SL, Shannon GJ. The flipped classroom: An opportunity to engage millennial students through active learning strategies. J Fam Consum Sci 2013;105:44-9. https://doi.org/10.14307/JFCS105.2.12
  25. Schwartz TA. Flipping the statistics classroom in nursing education. J Nurs Educ 2014;53:199-206. https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20140325-02
  26. Amiri A, Ahrari H, Saffar ZA, Akre V. The effects of classroom flip on the student learning experience: An investigative study in UAE classrooms. In Current Trends in Information Technology (CTIT), International Conference, 2013.
  27. Boucher B, Robertson E, Wainner R, Sanders B. "Flipping" Texas State University's physical therapist musculoskeletal curriculum: Implementation of a hybrid learning model. J Phys Ther Educ 2013;27:72. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001416-201307000-00010
  28. Foertsch J, Moses GA, Strikwerda JC, Litzkow MJ. Reversing the lecture/homework paradigm using eTeach web-based streaming video software. Int J Eng Educ 2002;91:2.
  29. Jensen JL, Kummer TA, Godoy PD. Improvements from a flipped classroom may simply be the fruits of active learning. CBE Life Sci Educ 2015;14:ar5. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.14-08-0129
  30. Lage M, Platt G, Treglia M. Inverting the classroom: a gateway to creating an inclusive learning environment. J Econ Educ 2000;31:30-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220480009596759
  31. Bergmann J, Overmyer J, Wilie B. The flipped class: what it is and what it is not. [cited 2020 Aril 3]. Abailable from http://www.thedailyriff.com/articles/ the-flippedclass-conversation-689.php.
  32. Ge X, Ifenthaler D, Spector JM. Full steam ahead: Emerging technologies for STEAM. New York: Springer; 2015. p.3-14.
  33. Pettit RK, McCoy L, Kinney M. What millennial medical students say about flipped learning. Adv Med Educ Pract 2017;8:487-97. https://doi.org/10.2147/AMEP.S139569
  34. Hughes Y, Lyons N. Does the flipped classroom improve exam performance in medical education? A systematic review. MedEd-Publish 2017;6:38.
  35. Flipped Learning Network (FLN). The four pillars of F-L-I-PTM. 2014. Available from http://www.flippedlearning.org/definition
  36. Hamdan N, McKnight P, McKnight K, Arfstrom KM. A review of flipped learning. 2013. Available from http://researchnetwork.person.com/wpcontent uploades/ExecSummaryFlippedLearning.pdf.