Congressional Control of Bureaucracy in the United States: Ex Ante vs. Ex Post Control Mechanisms

  • 투고 : 2020.05.29
  • 심사 : 2020.06.27
  • 발행 : 2020.06.30

초록

The U.S. Congress has been known to effectively control the bureaucracy. On one hand, Congress adjusts the degree of discretion provided to the bureaucracy when making agencies or legislation: ex ante control. On the other hand, it also performs the oversight activities to punish or correct undesirable behaviors of bureaucrats: ex post control. While the dynamics of each control mechanism is widely examined theoretically, few have attempted to empirically investigate this with a special attention to partisan politics in Congress. I attempt to fill this gap by measuring the two types of control mechanisms, testing theoretical assertions, and analyzing the dynamics under the two control mechanisms.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Aberbach, Joel D. Keepin a Watchful Eye: The Politics of Congressional Oversight. Washington: The Brookings Institution, 1990.
  2. Aldrich, John H. Why Parties? Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1995.
  3. Bawn, Kathleen. "Political Control versus Expertise: Congressional Choices about Administrative Procedures." American Political Science Review 89.1 (1995): 62-73. https://doi.org/10.2307/2083075
  4. Bawn, Kathleen. "Choosing Strategies to Control the Bureaucracy: Statutory Constraints, Oversight, and the Committee System." Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 13.1 (1997): 101-126. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jleo.a023375
  5. Bendor, Jonathan, and Adam Meirowitz. "Spatial Models of Delegation." American Political Science Review 98.2 (2004): 293-310. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055404001157
  6. Binder, Sarah A., Eric D. Lawrence and Forrest Maltzman. "Uncovering the Hidden Effect of Party." Journal of Politics 61.3 (1999): 815-831. https://doi.org/10.2307/2647830
  7. Binder, Sarah A., and Steven S. Smith. Politics or Principle: Filibustering in the Senate. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1997.
  8. Cameron, A. Colin, and Pravin K. Trivedi. Microeconometrics: Methods and Applications. New York: Cambridge UP, 2005.
  9. Cox, Gary W., and Mathew D. McCubbins. Legislative Leviathan: Party Government in the House. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1993.
  10. Cox, Gary W., and Mathew D. McCubbins. Setting the Agenda: Responsible Party Government in the U.S. House of Representatives. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2005.
  11. Epstein, David, and Sharyn O'Halloran. "Administrative Procedures, Information, and Agency Discretion." American Journal of Political Science 38.3 (1994): 697-722. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111603
  12. Epstein, David, and Sharyn O'Halloran. Delegating Powers: A Transaction Cost Politics Approach to Policy Making under Separate Powers. New York: Cambridge UP, 1999.
  13. Fiorina, Morris. Congress: The Keystone of the Washington Establishment. New Haven: Yale UP, 1977.
  14. Gailmard, Sean. "Expertise, Subversion, and Bureaucratic Discretion." Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 18.2 (2002): 536-555. https://doi.org/10.1093/jleo/18.2.536
  15. Huber, John D., and Nolan McCarty. "Bureaucratic Capacity, Delegation, and Political Reform." American Political Science Review 98.3 (2004): 481-494. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055404001297
  16. H uber, John D., and Charles R. Shipan. Deliberate Discretion? The Institutional Foundations of Bureaucratic Autonomy. New York: Cambridge UP, 2002.
  17. Kiewiet, D. Roderick, and Mathew D. McCubbins. The Logic of Delegation: Congressional Parties and the Appropriations Process. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1991.
  18. Krehbiel, Keith. "Where's the Party?" British Journal of Political Science 23.2 (1993): 235-266. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123400009741
  19. Mayhew, David R. Divided We Govern: Party Control, Law Making, and Investigations, 1946-2002. 2nd ed. New Haven: Yale UP, 2005.
  20. McCarty, Nolan, Keith T. Poole, and Howard Rosenthal. "The Hunt for Party Discipline in Congress." American Political Science Review 95.3 (2001): 673-687. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055401003069
  21. McCubbins, Mathew D., and Thomas Schwartz. "Congressional Oversight Overlooked: Police Patrols versus Fire Alarms." American Journal of Political Science 28.1 (1984): 165-179. https://doi.org/10.2307/2110792
  22. McCubbins, Mathew D., Roger G. Noll, and Barry R. Weingast. "Administrative Procedures as Instruments of Political Control." Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 3.2 (1987): 243-277.
  23. Ornstein, Norman J., Michael J. Malbin, and Thomas E. Mann. Vital Statistics on Congress, 2001-2002. Washington D.C.: AEI Press, 2002.
  24. Ornstein, Norman J., Michael J. Malbin, and Thomas E. Mann. "Vital Statistics on Congress, 2013-2014." 2004. Retrieved on February 21, 2016. (https://www.brookings.edu/multi-chapter-report/vital-statistics-on-congress/)
  25. Rohde, David. W. Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1991.
  26. Sinclair, Barbara. Legislators, Leaders, and Lawmaking: The U.S. House of Representatives in the Postreform Era. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1995.
  27. Sinclair, Barbara. "Do Parties Matter?" Party, Process, and Political Change in Congress: New Perspectives on the History of Congress. Ed. David W. Brady and Mathew D. McCubbins. Stanford: Stanford UP, 2002. 52-97.
  28. Smith, Steven S. Call to Order: Floor Politics in the House and Senate. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1989.
  29. Smith, Steven S. Party Influence in Congress. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2007.
  30. Smith, Steven S. The Senate Syndrome: The Evolution of Procedural Warfare in the Modern U.S. Senate. Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 2014.
  31. Snyder, James, Jr. and Tim Groseclose. "Estimating Party Influence in Congressional Roll- Call Voting." American Journal of Political Science 44.2 (2000): 193-211. https://doi.org/10.2307/2669305