Journal of Veterinary Clinics (한국임상수의학회지)

The Korean Society of Veterinary Clinics (한국임상수의학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Photodynamic Therapy Using Topically Applied 5-ALA, MAL and CLC for Canine Otitis Externa

  • Lee, Min-Ho (Bexco Animal Hospital) ;
  • Song, Hee-Sung (Nuclear Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju National University School of Medicine) ;
  • Son, Wongeun (College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University) ;
  • Yun, Young-Min (College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University)
  • Received : 2020.01.23
  • Accepted : 2020.02.12
  • Published : 2020.02.28
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Canine otitis externa is a common disorder in small animal practice with prevalence up to 20%. In a large percentage of cases, canine otitis externa is a chronic and recurrent disease also associated with drug-resistant bacteria that is difficult to treat with traditional antibiotics. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a new strategy to exterminate pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy against canine otitis externa using three photosensitizer (PS); 5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) and Methyl aminolevulinic acid (MAL) with semiconductor laser diode (SLD, 635nm of wave length), Chlorophyll-lipoid complex (CLC) with light-emitting diode (LED, 660nm of wave length). After PDT, dogs showed improved Otitis Index Score (OTIS) in swelling, exudate, odor, and pain. A result of the cytology test revealed decrease of bacteria and malassezia count in the oil immersion field and colony forming units count. PDT was effective as a bacteriocide of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) and a fungicide of Malassezia pachydermatis. MAL and 5-ALA were more effective PS against canine otitis externa than CLC. These results suggest that PDT is a new strategy to exterminate pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. PDT can be considered as a new therapeutic approach for canine recurrent otitis externa and a countermeasure to drug resistance that is a disadvantage of traditional antibiotic and antifungal therapy.

Keywords

References

  1. Agarwal ML, Clay ME, Harvey EJ, Evans HH, Antunez AR, Oleinick NL. Photodynamic therapy induces rapid cell death by apoptosis in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 5993-5996.
  2. Alexander BD, Perfect JR. Antifungal resistance trends towards the year 2000. Implications for therapy and new approaches. Drugs 1997; 54: 657-678. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199754050-00002
  3. Angus JC. Otic cytology in health and disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2004; 34: 411-424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2003.10.005
  4. Bertoloni G, Salvato B, Dall'Acqua M, Vazzoler M, Jori G. Hematoporphyrin-sensitized photoinactivation of Streptococcus faecalis. Photochem Photobiol 1984; 39: 811-816. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1984.tb08864.x
  5. Cellamare BM, Fini P, Agostiano A, Sortino S, Cosma P. Identification of ROS produced by photodynamic activity of chlorophyll/cyclodextrin inclusion complexes. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 89: 432-441. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01238.x
  6. Crespo MJ, Abarca ML, Cabanes FJ. Occurrence of Malassezia spp. in the external ear canals of dogs and cats with and without otitis externa. Med Mycol 2002; 40: 115-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/714031096
  7. Dai T, Tegos GP, Zhiyentayev T, Mylonakis E, Hamblin MR. Photodynamic therapy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in a mouse skin abrasion model. Lasers Surg Med 2010; 42: 38-44. https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.20887
  8. Daniell MD, Hill JS. A history of photodynamic therapy. Aust N Z J Surg 1991; 61: 340-348. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-2197.1991.tb00230.x
  9. Gold MH. Therapeutic and Aesthetic Uses of Photodynamic Therapy Part five of a five-part series: ALA-PDT and MALPDT What Makes Them Different. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2009; 2: 44-47.
  10. Henderson BW, Dougherty TJ. How does photodynamic therapy work? Photochem Photobiol 1992; 55: 145-157. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1992.tb04222.x
  11. Hendry GAF, Houghton JD, Brown SB. The degradation of chlorophyll-a biological enigma. New Phytologist 1987; 107: 255-302. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1987.tb00181.x
  12. Kang DJ, Chung BH, Kang CB. Drug sensitivities to fungi and bacteria from otitis externa in dogs. Journal of Agriculture & Life Sciece 2007; 41: 11-15.
  13. Kessel D, Luo Y. Mitochondrial photodamage and PDTinduced apoptosis. J Photochem Photobiol B 1998; 42: 89-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1011-1344(97)00127-9
  14. King SB, Doucette KP, Seewald W, Forster SL. A randomized, controlled, single-blinded multicenter evaluation of the efficacy and safety of a once weekly two dose otic gel containing florfenticol, terbinafine and betamethasone administered for the treatment of canine otitis externa. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14: 307-316. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-018-1627-5
  15. Ko DY, Kim KH, Song KH. Comparative study of photodynamic therapy with topical methyl aminolevulinate versus 5-aminolevulinic acid for facial actinic keratosis with long-term follow-up. Annals of Dermatology 2014; 26: 321-331. https://doi.org/10.5021/ad.2014.26.3.321
  16. Krasnovsky AA, Neverov KV, Egorov S, Roeder B, Levald T. Photophysical studies of pheophorbide a and pheophytin a. Phosphorescence and photosensitized singlet oxygen luminescence. J Photochem Photobiol B 1990; 5: 245-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/1011-1344(90)80009-M
  17. Lim HS. Reduction of thermal damage in photodynamic therapy by laser irradiation techniques. J Biomed Opt 2012; 17: 128001. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.17.12.128001
  18. MaryAnn G, Radlinsky. Diane, E, Mason. Diseases of the ear. In: Ettinger SJ FE, editor. Textbook of veterinary internal medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders. 2010: 1015-1024.
  19. McCaughan JS, Guy JT, Hicks W, Laufman L, Nims TA, Walker J. Photodynamic therapy for cutaneous and subcutaneous malignant neoplasms. Archives of surgery (Chicago, Ill : 1960) 1989; 124: 211-216. https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.1989.01410020081013
  20. Morris DO. Medical therapy of otitis externa and otitis media. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2004; 34: 541-555, viiviii. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2003.10.009
  21. Nardoni S, Mancianti F, Rum A, Corazza M. Isolation of Malassezia species from healthy cats and cats with otitis. J Feline Med Surg 2005; 7: 141-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2004.07.005
  22. Nuttall T, Bensignor E. A pilot study to develop an objective clinical score for canine otitis externa. Vet Dermatol 2014; 25: 530-537. https://doi.org/10.1111/vde.12163
  23. Peng Q, Berg K, Moan J, Kongshaug M, Nesland JM. 5-Aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy: principles and experimental research. Photochem Photobiol 1997; 65: 235-251. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1997.tb08549.x
  24. Rosser EJ, Jr. Causes of otitis externa. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2004; 34: 459-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2003.10.006
  25. Rosser EJ, Jr. Diagnosis of food allergy in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993; 203: 259-262.
  26. Saridomichelakis MN, Farmaki R, Leontides LS, Koutinas AF. Aetiology of canine otitis externa: a retrospective study of 100 cases. Vet Dermatol 2007; 18: 341-347. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3164.2007.00619.x
  27. Sroka R, Beyer W, Gossner L, Sassy T, Stocker S, Baumgartner R. Pharmacokinetics of 5-aminolevulinic-acid-induced porphyrins in tumour-bearing mice. J Photochem Photobiol B 1996; 34: 13-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/1011-1344(95)07265-9
  28. Stout-Graham M, Kainer RA, Whalen LR, Macy DW. Morphologic measurements of the external horizontal ear canal of dogs. Am J Vet Res 1990; 51: 990-994.
  29. Uehlinger P, Zellweger M, Wagnieres G, Juillerat-Jeanneret L, van den Bergh H, Lange N. 5-Aminolevulinic acid and its derivatives: physical chemical properties and protoporphyrin IX formation in cultured cells. J Photochem Photobiol B 2000; 54: 72-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1011-1344(99)00159-1
  30. Von Tappeiner H, Jodblauer A. Uber die wirkung der photodynamischen (fluorescierenden) staffe auf protozoan und enzyme [On the effect of photodynamic (fluorescent) substances on protozoa and enzymes]. Dtsch Arch Klin Med 1904: 427-487.
  31. Weese JS, van Duijkeren E. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in veterinary medicine. Vet Microbiol 2010; 140: 418-429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.01.039
  32. Yoo JH, Yoon JW, Lee SY, Park HM. High prevalence of Fluoroquinolone and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates from canine pyoderma and otitis externa in veterinary teaching hospital. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 20: 798-802. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.0910.10044

Cited by

  1. 국내 동물병원의 진단용 방사선 발생장치 및 방사선 관계종사자 안전관리에 관한 융복합적 분석 vol.11, pp.4, 2020, https://doi.org/10.15207/jkcs.2020.11.4.055