Abstract
This study aimed to provide new interpretations of the ceramics excavated from the archaeological site of the royal palace of Goryeo (918~1392), where only limited access was permitted due to its location in Gaeseong, North Korea. The interpretations were based on the existing understanding of the arrangement of the palace buildings at the site and historical records. The study of the general aspects of the celadons discovered during eight excavations at the Goryeo Palace site in Gaeseong revealed that most of the vessels found at the site were produced during the early and middle phases of the Goryeo dynasty. The study involved classifying the celadons bearing inscribed texts and symbols into 18 different types according to their characteristic features and periods of production. The inscribed celadons have provided detailed information of the site where they were found, thereby making it possible to make strong presumptions about the date of construction, function, and status of the building in the palace connected with the discoveries. The excavations from the Goryeo Palace site and related historical literature suggest that the celadons bearing the inscription "Sojeon (燒錢)" were used during the first half of the 13th century, although the existing view had been that they were used during the second half of the century. This new conclusion is based on the use of the symbols ${\circ}$ and ${\odot}$, the celadons found together with the Sojeon-inscribed celadons, the date of the celadons bearing the inscription "Seong (成)," and the location of their discovery behind the site of Seongyeongjeon (aka Hoegyeongjeon) Hall, which had been one of the main palace buildings. The Taoist rituals performed for the safety of the Goryeo dynasty were largely held at Ganganjeon (aka Daegwanjeon) Hall in the western part of the royal palace during the second half of the 13th century. It was mostly in the first half of the 13th century just before the transfer of the Goryeo government from Gaeseong to Ganghwa (1232~1270) that the Taoist rituals were held at the location near Seongyeongjeon Hall, where archaeologists found the Sojeon-inscribed celadons. Therefore, the large number of celadon cups with holders, including those inscribed with Sojeon, discovered during the eighth excavation of the palace site suggests that they were used for the rituals held at Seongyeongjeon Hall during the first half of the 13th century.
고려궁성은 개성에 위치하고 있다는 유적의 특수성으로 인해 유물에 대한 단편적인 접근만이 가능하였으나, 본고에서는 고려궁성 내 전각군의 배치와 역사 기록들에 대한 이해를 바탕으로 출토 자기들을 해석해보았다. 그중 명문 기호 자기는 유적에 대한 보다 구체적인 정보들을 제공하므로 해당 건물지의 시기와 성격, 궁궐의 운영 등을 종합적으로 추정해볼 수 있다. 8차에 걸쳐 진행된 고려궁성의 발굴조사에서 출토된 자기들의 전반적인 양상을 살펴보았으며, 고려궁성에서 출토된 18종의 명문 기호 청자들을 특징 시기별로 분류하였다. 본고에서는 13세기 후반으로 편년되었던 '소전(燒錢)'명 청자들을 고려궁성 발굴조사 결과와 문헌 기록에 근거하여 13세기 전반에 사용되었던 것으로 보았다. 이는 '소전'명 청자와 공반하는 기호(${\circ}$, ${\odot}$) 청자, '성(成)'명 청자의 편년, 그리고 이들 청자가 중앙건축군의 선경전(宣慶殿, 회경전) 뒤편에서 출토되었다는 점을 종합적으로 검토한 결과이다. 13세기 후반에는 초제가 서부건축군의 강안전(康安殿, 대관전)에서 대부분 행해졌고, '소전'명 청자가 출토된 선경전 구역에서 초제가 거행된 것은 강화 천도(1232~1270) 직전인 13세기 전반에 집중되어 있기 때문이다. 따라서 8차 발굴조사에서 출토된 '소전'명 청자 잔을 비롯한 다수의 잔과 잔탁은 13세기 전반 선경전에서 거행된 초제에서 사용되었을 가능성이 크다.