Journal of Bio-Environment Control (생물환경조절학회지)

The Korean Society for Bio-Environment Control (한국생물환경조절학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Assessment of the Effect of Dimethyl Ether (DME) Combustion on Lettuce and Chinese Cabbage Growth in Greenhouse

온실에서 상추와 배추를 이용한 DME 원료 난방 효율분석

  • Basak, Jayanta Kumar (Department of Bio-systems Engineering, Gyeongsang National University (Institute of Agriculture & Life Science)) ;
  • Qasim, Waqas (Department of Bio-systems Engineering, Gyeongsang National University (Institute of Agriculture & Life Science)) ;
  • Khan, Fawad (Department of Bio-systems Engineering, Gyeongsang National University (Institute of Agriculture & Life Science)) ;
  • Okyere, Frank Gyan (Department of Bio-systems Engineering, Gyeongsang National University (Institute of Agriculture & Life Science)) ;
  • Lee, Yongjin (Department of Bio-systems Engineering, Gyeongsang National University (Institute of Agriculture & Life Science)) ;
  • Arulmozhi, Elanchezhian (Department of Bio-systems Engineering, Gyeongsang National University (Institute of Agriculture & Life Science)) ;
  • Park, Jihoon (Department of Bio-systems Engineering, Gyeongsang National University (Institute of Agriculture & Life Science)) ;
  • Cho, Wonjun (Bio Friends Inc.) ;
  • Kim, Hyeon Tae (Department of Bio-systems Engineering, Gyeongsang National University (Institute of Agriculture & Life Science))
  • 쟌타 구마 바삭 (경상대학교(농업생명과학원), 생물산업기계공학과) ;
  • 와카스 카심 (경상대학교(농업생명과학원), 생물산업기계공학과) ;
  • 파와드 칸 (경상대학교(농업생명과학원), 생물산업기계공학과) ;
  • 프랑크 갼 오시레 (경상대학교(농업생명과학원), 생물산업기계공학과) ;
  • 이용진 (경상대학교(농업생명과학원), 생물산업기계공학과) ;
  • 에린지 아루모지 (경상대학교(농업생명과학원), 생물산업기계공학과) ;
  • 박지훈 (경상대학교(농업생명과학원), 생물산업기계공학과) ;
  • 조원준 (바이오프렌즈(주)) ;
  • 김현테 (경상대학교(농업생명과학원), 생물산업기계공학과)
  • Received : 2019.03.15
  • Accepted : 2019.08.09
  • Published : 2019.10.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The experiment was conducted to determine the performance of DME combustion gas when used as a fuel for DME burner for raising temperature and $CO_2$ concentration in greenhouse and also to examine its effects on chlorophyll content, and fresh and dry weight of lettuce and Chinese cabbage. DME-1 and DME-2 treatments consisted of average DME flow quantity in duct were $17.4m^3min^{-1}$ and $10.2m^3min^{-1}$ respectively to greenhouse-1 and greenhouse-2 and no DME gas was supplied to greenhouse-3 which was left as control (DME-3). DME supply times were $0.5hr\;day^{-1}$, $1hr\;day^{-1}$, $1:30hrs\;day^{-1}$ and $2hrs\;day^{-1}$ on week 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively. Chlorophyll content and fresh and dry weight of lettuce and Chinese cabbage were measured for each treatment and analyzed through analysis of variance with a significance level of P<0.05. The result of the study showed that $CO_2$ concentration increased up to 265% and 174% and the level of temperature elevated $4.8^{\circ}C$ and $3.1^{\circ}C$ in greenhouse-1 and 2, respectively as compared to greenhouse-3 due to application of DME combustion gas. Although, the same crop management practices were provided in greenhouse-1, 2 and 3 at a same rate, the highest change (p<0.05) of chlorophyll content, fresh weight and dry weight were found from the DME-1 treatment, followed by DME-2. As a result, DME combustion gas that raised the level of temperature and $CO_2$ concentration in the greenhouse-1 and greenhouse-2, might have an effect on growth of lettuce and Chinese cabbage. At end of experiment, the highest fresh and dry weight of lettuce and Chinese cabbage were measured in greenhouse-1 and followed by greenhouse-2. Similarly chlorophyll content of greenhouse-1 and greenhouse-2 were more compared to greenhouse-3. In general, DME was not producing any harmful gas during its combustion period, therefore it can be used as an alternative to conventional fuel such as diesel and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) for both heating and $CO_2$ supply in winter season. Moreover, endorsed quantify of DME combustion gas for a specified crop can be applied to greenhouse to improve the plant growth and enhance yield.

본 연구는 온실의 온도와 $CO_2$농도를 높이기 위해 DME버너용 연료로 DME가스를 사용했을 때 DME 연소가스의 성능을 결정하고 겨울에 상추와 양배추의 엽록소 함량 그리고 무게와 건조무게에 대한 영향정도를 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 각각 온실1과 온실2에 처방 된 DME-1과 DME-2 처방은 덕트의 평균 DME 유량 $17.4m^3min^{-1}$과 $10.2m^3min^{-1}$으로 구성됐으며, 대조군(DME-3)으로 남겨진 온실3에는 DME 가스가 공급되지 않았다. DME 공급 시간은 각각 주차 별로 1주차는 하루당 0.5시간, 2주차는 1시간, 3주차는 1.5시간, 4주차는 2시간으로 설정하였다. 각각 처방마다 엽록소 함량과 상추와 배추의 건조 전, 후 중량을 측정했으며, 연구결과 무처리구인 온실3과 비교하여 온실1과 온실2의 $CO_2$ 농도는 각각 265%, 174% 증가하였고, 온도의 경우 $4.8^{\circ}C$, $3.10^{\circ}C$ 상승하였다. DME 가스를 제외한 다른 조건이 같은 온실에서 재배된 상추와 양배추의 엽록소 함량과 생체중, 건물중은 온실1에서 (유의적으로) 가장 높았으며, 온실2는 대조구 온실보다 높았다. 이러한 결과는 DME가스 연소에 의한 $CO_2$ 농도 차이에 기인된 것으로 판단된다. 일반적으로 가스연소에 의해 발생되는 유해가스 증상은 나타나지 않았으며 동절기 난방과 $CO_2$ 공급이 동시에 필요할 경우 DME가스가 기존의 경유 또는 LPG 등을 대체할 수 있는 가능성을 확인하였다. 향후 정밀한 연구를 통하여 효율적인 난방방식으로의 검토가 적극 필요하다고 판단된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Arcoumanis, C., C. Bae, R. Crookes, and E. Kinoshita. 2008. The potential of di-methyl ether (DME) as an alternative fuel for compression-ignition engines: A review. Fuel 87:1014-1030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2007.06.007
  2. Basak, J.K., W. Qasim, F. Khan, F.G. Okyere, J. Park, E. Arulmozhi, Y.J. Lee, and H.T. Kim. 2018. Assessment of changing pattern of temperature and $CO_2$ by using DME combustion gas for enhanced growth of pepper plant in greenhouse. Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery and ARCs 2018 Autumn Conference, 18-19 October, 2018, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
  3. Berghage, R. 1998. Controlling height with temperature. Hort-Technology 8:535-539. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH.8.4.535
  4. Bhattacharya, S., K.B. Kabir, and K. Hein. 2013. Dimethyl ether synthesis from Victorian brown coal through gasification current status, and research and development needs. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 39:577-605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2013.06.003
  5. Burt, J., D. Phillips, and D. Gatter. 2006. Growing Chinese cabbage in Western Australia. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia, Perth. Bulletin 4673.
  6. Cure, J.D. 1986. Crop responses to carbon dioxide doubling: A literature survey. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 38:127-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(86)90054-7
  7. Daly, P., and B. Tomkins. 1995. Production and postharvest handling of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa var. pekinensis). The Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC) 97(1):41.
  8. EBTP (European Biofuels Technology Platform). 2011. Dimethyl ether (DME). European Biofuels technology platform. Available at: http://www.etipbioenergy.eu/images/All-BiofuelFactsheets2016.pdf
  9. Evans, J.R. 1989. Photosynthesis and nitrogen relationships in leaves of $C_3$ plants. Oecologia 78:9-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00377192
  10. Gifford, R.M. 1992. Interaction of carbon dioxide with growth-limiting environmental factors in vegetation productivity: Implications for the global carbon cycle. Adu. Bioclim 1:24-58. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58136-6_2
  11. Gray, D. 2015. Effects of temperature on the germination and emergence of lettuce (Lactuca Sativa, L.) varieties. Journal of Horticultural Science 50:349-361. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221589.1975.11514644
  12. Heins, R.D., B. Liu, and E.S. Runkle. 2000. Regulation of crop growth and development based on environmental factors. Acta Horticulture 511:15-26. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2000.511.1
  13. Houpis, J.L.J., K.A. Surano, S. Cowles, and J.H. Shinn. 1988. Chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations in two varieties of Pinus ponderosa seedlings subjected to long-term elevated carbon dioxide. Tree Physiology 4:187-193. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/4.2.187
  14. Idso, S.B., B.A. Kimball, and D.L. Hendrix. 1993. Air temperature modifies the size-enhancing effects of atmospheric $CO_2$, enrichment on sour orange tree leaves. Environmental and Experimental Botany 33:293-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-8472(93)90075-Q
  15. Idso, S.B., and B.A. Kimball. 1992. Aboveground inventory of sour orange trees exposed to different atmospheric $CO_2$ concentrations for 3 full years. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 60:145-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(92)90080-N
  16. Idso, S.B., B.A. Kimball, and S.G. Allen. 1991. $CO_2$ enrichment of sour orange trees: 2.5 years into a long-term experiment. Plant Cell Environment 14:351-353. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1991.tb01512.x
  17. Kalisz, A., and S. Cebula. 2006. The effect of temperature on growth and chemical composition of Chinese cabbage seedlings in spring period. Folia Horticulture 18:3-15.
  18. Kim, M.Y., S.H. Yoon, B.W. Ryu, and C.S. Lee. 2008. Combustion and emission characteristics of DME as an alternative fuel for compression ignition engines with a high pressure injection system. Fuel 87:2779-2786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2008.01.032
  19. Kimball, B.A. 1983. Carbon dioxide and agricultural yield: an assemblage and analysis of 430 prior observations. Agronomy Journal 75:779-788. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1983.00021962007500050014x
  20. Lawlor, D.W., and A.C. Mitchell. 1991. The effects of increasing $CO_2$ on crop photosynthesis and productivity: A review of field studies. Plant, Cell and Environment 14:807-818. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1991.tb01444.x
  21. Liu, G.B., Q.D. Zhang, Y.Z. Han, N. Tsubaki, and Y.S. Tan. 2013. Selective oxidation of dimethyl ether to methyl formate over trifunctional $MoO_3-SnO_2$ catalyst under mild conditions. Green Chemistry 15:1501-1504. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3gc40279g
  22. Marchionna, M., R. Patrini, D. Sanfilippo, and G. Migliavacca. 2008. Fundamental investigations on di-methyl ether (DME) as LPG substitute or make-up for domestic uses. Fuel Processing Technology 89:1255-1261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2008.07.013
  23. Moe, R., and G. Guttormsen. 1985. Effect of photoperiod and temperature on bolting in Chinese cabbage. Scientia Horticulture 27:49-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4238(85)90054-8
  24. Nam, J.H., W.H. Kang, and I.S. Kim. 2001. Effect of cold acclimation and deacclimation on the freezing tolerance, total RNA, soluble protein and soluble sugar in Chinese cabbage. Journal of Bio-Environmental Control 10:244-250.
  25. Noto, G., and C. Leonardi. 1995. Response of Chinese cabbage [Brassica rapa L.ssp pekinensis (Lour.) Olsson] to thermal conditions. Italus Horticultural 2:37-42.
  26. Ogawa, T., N. Inoue, T. Shikada, and Y. Ohno. 2003. Direct dimethyl ether synthesis. Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry 12:219-227.
  27. Olah, G.A., A. Goeppert, and G.K.S. Prakas. 2009. Chemical recycling of carbon dioxide to methanol and dimethyl ether: From greenhouse gas to renewable, environmentally carbon neutral fuels and synthetic hydrocarbons. The Journal of Organic Chemistry 74:487-498. https://doi.org/10.1021/jo801260f
  28. Palada, M.C., S. Ganser, and R.R. Harwood. 1987. Cultivar evaluation for early and extended production of Chinese cabbage in eastern Pennsylvania. Horticulture Science 22:1260-1262.
  29. Pinter, P.J., S.B. Idso, D.L. Hendrix, R.R. Rokey, R.S. Rauschkolb,J.R. Mauney, B.A. Kimball, G.R. Hendrey, K.F.Lewin, and J. Nagy. 1994. Effect of free-air $CO_2$ enrichmenton the chlorophyll content of cotton leaves. Agriculturaland Forest Meteorology 70:163-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(94)90055-8
  30. Poorter, H. 1993. Interspecific variation in the growth response of plants to an elevated ambient $CO_2$ concentration. Vegetatio 104/105:77-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00048146
  31. Qasim, W., J.K. Basak, F.G. Okyere. F. Khan, Y.J. Lee, and H.T. Kim. 2018. Effect of Dimethyl ether (DME) Combustion on Lettuce and Chinese cabbage Growth in Greenhouse. AGENG CONFERENCE 2018, New engineering concepts for a valued agriculture, 8-12 July 2018, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
  32. Sasaki, H., K. Ichimura, and M. Oda. 1996. Changes in sugar content during cold acclimation and deacclimation of cabbage seedlings. Annals of Botany 78:365-369. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1996.0131
  33. Semelsberger, T.A., R.L. Borup, and H.L. Greene. 2006. Dimethyl ether (DME) as an alternative fuel. Journal of Power Sources 156:497-511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.05.082
  34. Sgherri, C.L.M., M.F. Quartacci, M. Menconi, A. Raschi, and F. Navari-Izzo. 1998. Interactions between drought and elevated $CO_2$ on alfalfa plants. Journal of Plant Physiology 152:118-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-1617(98)80110-7
  35. Smith, S.D., B.R. Strain, and T. Sharkey. 1987. Effects of $CO_2$ enrichment on four great basin grasses. Functional Ecology 1:139-143. https://doi.org/10.2307/2389717
  36. Stulen, I., J. Den Hertog, F. Drelon, and J. Roy. 1994. An integrated approach to the influence of $CO_2$ on plant growth using data for three herbaceous species. - In: Roy J. and E. Garnier (Eds.), A whole plant perspective on carbon nitrogen interactions, pp. 229-245, SPB Academic Publishing.
  37. Sun, J., G. Yang, Y. Yoneyama, and N. Tsubaki. 2014. Catalysis chemistry of dimethyl ether synthesis. ACS Catalysis 4:3346-3356. https://doi.org/10.1021/cs500967j
  38. Wiebe, H.J. 1990. Estimation of the raising temperature at time of bolting of Chinese cabbage. Acta Horticulture 267:297-303. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1990.267.37
  39. Woodward, F.L., G.B. Thompson, and I.F. Mckee. 1991. The effects of elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide on individual plants, populations, communities and ecosystems. Annals of Botany 67:23-38. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a088206
  40. Yuan, Z., and M.R. Eden. 2016. Toward the development and deployment of large-scale carbon dioxide capture and conversion processes. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 55:3383-3419. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.5b03277
  41. Zhang, Z.Z., Q.D. Zhang, L.Y. Jia, W.F. Wang, T. Zhang, Y.Z. Han, N. Tsubaki, and Y.S. Tan. 2016. Effects of tetrahedral molybdenum oxide species and MoOx domains on the selective oxidation of dimethyl ether under mild conditions. Catalysis Science & Technology 9:2975-2984.
  42. Zhao, Q., H. Wang, Z.F. Qin, Z.W. Wu, J.B. Wu, W.B. Fan, and J.G. Wang. 2011. Synthesis of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers from methanol and trioxymethylene with molecular sieves as catalysts. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology 39:918-923. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-5813(12)60003-6
  43. Ziska, L.H., O. Namuo, T. Moya, J. Quilang. 1997. Growth and yield response of field grown tropical rice to increasing carbon dioxide and air temperature. Agronomy Journal 89:45-53. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1997.00021962008900010007x