北京话区别于普通话的词汇特点及发展趋势

Lexical Features and Trend in Development of Beijing Dialect Distinct from Putonghua

1955年10月召开的"全国文字改革会议"及"现代汉语规范问题学术会议"将普通话的定义规定为"以北京语音为标准音, 以北方话(官话)为基础方言, 以典范的现代白话文著作为语法规范的现代标准汉语。" 国务院政府办公室(1956)<国务院关于推广普通话的指示>, 《文字改革》, 1982年, 第三期, P33 由此看来, 北京话与普通话渊源较深, 两者既不等同又难以区分。 很多现代人不区分北京话与普通话, 认为学会了北京话就等于学会了标准的普通话。甚至在一些对外汉语教材中也常常出现北京话词汇及表达方式。但北京话与普通话有较大区别。究竟哪些词汇及表达方式属于普通话, 哪些又属于北京话?本文力求通过语料分析将二者加以区别。在现代中国各地方言均逐渐失去特点并向普通话靠拢的趋势下, 区分北京话与普通话的词汇特点在方言记录方面有其意义, 另外这也有助于对外汉语教学的规范。虽然汉语学习者在口语中使用北京话没有任何问题, 但对外汉语教学的目的并不仅限于口语, 在正式的文章书写和阅读方面以及各种公文和正式语体的使用中必须使用规范的普通话。

The purpose of this study is to observe and analyze the Beijing dialect from the perspective of the lexicon. It sought to determine the lexical differences between the Beijing dialect and Putonghua. In the first part, it introduces the connection between the Beijing dialect and Putonghua and describes in details their individual developments in different historical stages. These imprints of the evolution of language in history have made distinctions between the Beijing dialect and Putonghua. The second part of this paper analyzes the lexical features of the Beijing dialect based on four aspects: the characteristic of word-formation, variant pronunciations of mono-syllabic words, usage of Measure words, and loanword from the Mongolian and Manchu language. First, in the basic Chinese vocabulary, there are about 47.11% of words that are different between the Beijing dialect and Putonghua. The differences between these words are mainly due to differences in partial morphemes, differences in the number of syllables, and the presence or absence of retroflex ending. Second, for the pronunciation of mono-syllabic words, the differences mainly occurs in tone sandhi, changes in finals or initials and dissimilation of the phoneme. Third, the characteristics of Measure words in the Beijing dialect use nouns indicating body parts. Fourth, most loanwords from the Mongolian or Manchu language are written in the way of phonetic loan characters. Some of the phonetic loan characters are associated with the meaning of the borrowing words, but some are not. The third part of this paper expounds on the direction of development of the Beijing dialect and Mandarin from the aspects of urban population structure; the people's attitudes toward language and the language environment in the Beijing dialect and Putonghua; and government policy intervention. In general, the vocabulary of the Beijing dialect is gradually losing its characteristics and becoming more and more like Putonghua.