디지털융복합연구 (Journal of Digital Convergence)

  • 제17권10호
  • /
  • Pages.233-242
  • /
  • 2019
  • /
  • 2713-6434(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2713-6442(eISSN)
한국디지털정책학회 (The Society of Digital Policy and Management)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

인공지능 로봇에 적용할 수 있는 공간지각에 대한 종설

A review of space perception applicable to artificial intelligence robots

  • 이영림 (단국대학교 심리치료학과)
  • Lee, Young-Lim (Dept. of Psychology & Psychotherapy, Dankook University)
  • 투고 : 2019.07.08
  • 심사 : 2019.10.20
  • 발행 : 2019.10.28
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

수많은 공간지각 연구 결과, Euclidean 3-D 구조는 양안 입체시, 움직임, 입체시와 움직임의 결합, 또는 여러 광학 정보의 결합으로도 복구될 수 없다는 사실이 밝혀졌다. 그러나 인간은 이러한 부정확한 공간지각에도 불구하고 특정 과제를 수행하는 데는 어려움이 전혀 없다. 우리는 인공지능과 컴퓨터 비전에 인간의 기술과 능력을 적용해 왔지만 이러한 기계들은 여전히 인간의 능력보다 훨씬 뒤떨어져 있다. 따라서 우리는 인간이 공간의 깊이를 어떻게 지각하는지, 과제를 수행하기 위해 어떠한 정보들을 사용하여 3차원 공간을 정확하게 지각하는지 이해해야 한다. 이 논문의 목적은 미래에 더욱 발전된 인공지능 로봇에 인간의 능력을 적용하기 위해 공간지각 문헌을 검토하는 것이다.

Numerous space perception studies have shown that Euclidean 3-D structure cannot be recovered from binocular stereopsis, motion, combination of stereopsis and motion, or even with combined multiple sources of optical information. Humans, however, have no difficulties to perform the task-specific action despite of poor shape perception. We have applied humans skill and capabilities to artificial intelligence and computer vision but those machines are still far behind from humans abilities. Thus, we need to understand how we perceive depth in space and what information we use to perceive 3-D structure accurately to perform. The purpose of this paper was to review space perception literatures to apply humans abilities to artificial intelligence robots more advanced in future.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. R. Bajcsy, Y. Aloimonos & J. K. Tsotsos. (2018). Revisiting active perception. Autonomous Robots, 42(2), 177-196. DOI : 10.1007/s10514-017-9615-3
  2. C. Yi & J. Cho. (2017). A Real-time Plane Estimation in Virtual Reality Using a RGB-D Camera in Indoors. Journal of Digital Convergence, 14(11), 319-324. DOI : 10.14400/jdc.2016.14.11.319
  3. J. Lee & K. Kim. (2014). Real-time individual tracking of multiple moving objects for projection based augmented visualization. Journal of Digital Convergence, 12(11), 357-364. DOI : 10.14400/jdc.2014.12.11.357
  4. W. Blumenfeld. (1913). Untersuchungen uber die scheinbare Gro$\ss$e im Sehraume [Investigation of the apparent size in visual space]. Zeitschrift fur Psychologie, 65, 241-404. DOI : 10.1007/978-3-662-01995-5_1
  5. R. K. Luneburg. (1950). The metric of binocular visual space. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 40(10), 627-642. DOI : 10.1364/josa.40.000627
  6. T. Indow, E. Inoue & K. Matsushima. (1962a). An experimental study of the Luneburg theory of binocular space perception: 1. The 3- and 4-point experiments. Japanese Psychological Research, 4(1), 6-16. DOI : 10.4992/psycholres1954.4.6
  7. T. Indow, E. Inoue & K. Matsushima. (1962b). An experimental study of the Luneburg theory of binocular space perception: 2. The alley experiments. Japanese Psychological Research, 4(1), 17-24. DOI : 10.4992/psycholres1954.4.17
  8. A. A. Blank. (1961). Curvature of binocular visual space: An Experiment. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 51(3), 335-339. DOI : 10.1364/josa.51.000335
  9. J. M. Foley. (1966). Locus of perceived equidistance as a function of viewing distance. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 56(6), 822-827. DOI : 10.1364/josa.56.000822
  10. J. M. Foley. (1972). The size-distance relation and intrinsic geometry of visual space: Implications for processing. Vision Research, 12(2), 323-332. DOI : 10.1016/0042-6989(72)90121-6
  11. A. S. Gilinsky. (1951). Perceived size and distance in visual space. Psychological Review, 58(6), 460-482. DOI : 10.1037/h0061505
  12. J. J. Koenderink, A. J. van Doorn & J. S. Lappin. (2000). Direct measurement of the curvature of visual space. Perception, 29(1), 69-79. DOI : 10.1068/p2921
  13. J. M. Loomis, J. A. Da Silva, J. W. Philbeck & S. S. Fukusima. (1996). Visual perception of location and distance. Current Direction in Psychological Science, 5(3), 72-77. DOI : 10.1111/1467-8721.ep10772783
  14. M. Wagner (1985). The metric of visual space. Perception & Psychophysics, 38(6), 483-495. DOI : 10.3758/bf03207058
  15. E. B. Johnston. (1991). Systematic distortions of shape from stereopsis. Vision Research, 31(7-8), 1351-1360. DOI : 10.1016/0042-6989(91)90056-b
  16. H. Wallach & D. N. O'Connell. (1953). The kinetic depth effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 45(4), 205-217. DOI : 10.1037/h0056880
  17. S. Ullman. (1979). The interpretation of structure from motion. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 203(1153), 405-426. DOI : 10.1098/rspb.1979.0006
  18. J. T. Todd & P. Bressan. (1990). The perception of 3-dimensional affine structure from minimal apparent motion sequences. Perception & Psychophysics, 48(5), 419-430. DOI : 10.3758/bf03211585
  19. J. T. Todd & J. F. Norman. (1991). The visual perception of smoothly curved surfaces from minimal apparent motion sequences. Perception & Psychophysics, 50(6), 509-523. DOI : 10.3758/bf03207535
  20. V. Cornilleau-peres & J. Droulez. (1989). Visual perception of surface curvature: Psychophysics of curvature detection induced by motion parallax. Perception & Psychophysics, 46(4), 351-364. DOI : 10.3758/bf03204989
  21. J. F. Norman & J. S. Lappin. (1992). The detection of surface curvatures defined by optical motion. Perception & Psychophysics, 51(4), 386-396. DOI : 10.3758/bf03211632
  22. J. F. Norman & J. T. Todd. (1993). The perceptual analysis of structure from motion for rotating objects undergoing affine stretching transformations. Perception & Psychophysics, 53(3), 279-291. DOI : 10.3758/bf03205183
  23. W. Richards. (1985). Structure from stereo and motion. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 2(2), 343-349. DOI : 10.1364/JOSAA.2.000343
  24. J. S. Tittle & M. L. Braunstein. (1983). Recovery of 3-D shape from binocular disparity and structure from motion. Perception & Psychophysics, 54(2), 157-169. DOI : 10.3758/bf03211751
  25. J. S. Tittle, J. T. Todd, V. J. Perotti & J. F. Norman. (1995). Systematic distortion of perceived three-dimensional structure from motion and binocular stereopsis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21(3), 663-678. DOI : 10.1037//0096-1523.21.3.663
  26. J. F. Norman & J. T. Todd. (1996). The discriminability of local surface structure. Perception, 25(4), 381-398. DOI : 10.1068/p250381
  27. J. F. Norman, J. T. Todd & F. Phillips. (1995). The visual perception of surface orientation from multiple sources of optical information. Perception & Psychophysics, 57(5), 629-636. DOI : 10.3758/bf03213268
  28. E. Borjesson & M. Lind. (1996). The effect of polar projection on the perception of Euclidean structure from motion. Perception & Psychophysics, 58(6), 871-882. DOI : 10.3758/bf03205489
  29. G. P. Bingham, R. Coats & M. Mon-Williams. (2007). Unnatural prehension to virtual objects is not inevitable if calibration is allowed. Neuropsychologia, 45(2), 288-294. DOI : 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.07.011
  30. G. P. Bingham, F. Z. Zaal, D. Robin & J. A. Shull. (2000). Distortions in definite distance and shape perception as measured by reaching without and with haptic feedback. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 26(4), 1436-1460. DOI : 10.1037/0096-1523.26.4.1436
  31. T. L. Ooi, B. Wu & Z. J. He. (2001). Distance determined by the angular declination below the horizon. Nature, 414(6860), 197-200. DOI : 10.1038/35102562
  32. M. Mon-Williams & G. P. Bingham. (2007). Calibrating reach distance to visual targets. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 33(3), 645-656. DOI : 10.1037/0096-1523.33.3.645
  33. Y. Lee, C. Crabtree, J. F. Norman & G. P. Bingham. (2008). Poor shape perception is the reason reaches-to-grasp are visually guided on-line. Perception & Psychophysics, 70(6), 1032-1046. DOI : 10.3758/pp.70.6.1032
  34. R. M. Farag, M. S. Saad, H. Emara & A. Bahgat. (2018, October.). Three-Dimensional Localization of Known Objects for Robot Arm Application based on a Particle Swarm Optimized Low End Stereo Vision System. In IECON 2018-44th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (pp. 2736-2741). IEEE. DOI : 10.1109/iecon.2018.8592716
  35. C. J. Lin & B. H. Woldegiorgis. (2017). Egocentric distance perception and performance of direct pointing in stereoscopic displays. Applied Ergonomics, 64(43), 66-74. DOI : 10.1016/j.apergo.2017.05.007
  36. S. A. Linkenauger, H. H. Bulthoff & B. J. Mohler. (2015). Virtual arm's reach influences perceived distances but only after experience reaching. Neuropsychologia, 70, 393-40. DOI : 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.10.034