Safety and Health at Work

  • 제10권3호
  • /
  • Pages.305-313
  • /
  • 2019
  • /
  • 2093-7911(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2093-7997(eISSN)
산업안전보건연구원 (Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Exploring the Contributory Factors of Confined Space Accidents Using Accident Investigation Reports and Semistructured Interviews

  • Naghavi K., Zahra (Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University) ;
  • Mortazavi, Seyed B. (Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University) ;
  • Asilian M., Hassan (Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University) ;
  • Hajizadeh, Ebrahim (Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University)
  • 투고 : 2018.11.03
  • 심사 : 2019.06.24
  • 발행 : 2019.09.30
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

Background: The oil and gas industry is one of the riskiest industries for confined space injuries. This study aimed to understand an overall picture of the causal factors of confined space accidents through analyzing accident reports and the use of a qualitative approach. Methods: Twenty-one fatal occupational accidents were analyzed according to the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System approach. Furthermore, thirty-three semistructured interviews were conducted with employees in different roles to capture their experiences regarding the contributory factors. The content analyses of the interview transcripts were conducted using MAXQDA software. Results: Based on accident reports, the largest proportions of causal factors (77%) were attributed to the organizational and supervisory levels, with the predominant influence of the organizational process. We identified 25 contributory factors in confined space accidents that were causal factors outside of the original Human Factors Analysis and Classification System framework. Therefore, modifications were made to deal with factors outside the organization and newly explored causal factors at the organizational level. External Influences as the fifth level considered contributory factors beyond the organization including Laws, Regulations and Standards, Government Policies, Political Influences, and Economic Status categories. Moreover, Contracting/Contract Management and Emergency Management were two extra categories identified at the organizational level. Conclusions: Preventing confined space accidents requires addressing issues from the organizational to operator level and external influences beyond the organization. The recommended modifications provide a basis for accident investigation and risk analysis, which may be applicable across a broad range of industries and accident types.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Hamalainen P, Takala J, Kiat TB. Global estimates of occupational accidents and work-related illnesses. Singapore: World Congress on Safety and Health at Work; 2017. p. 3-4.
  2. Manwaring JC, Conroy C. Occupational confined space-related fatalities: surveillance and prevention. J Saf Res 1990;21(4):157-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4375(90)90023-5
  3. Suruda A, Agnew J. Deaths from asphyxiation and poisoning at work in the United States 1984-6. Occup Environ Med 1989;46(8):541-6. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.46.8.541
  4. OSHA. Permit-required confined spaces, vol. Code of federal regulations title 29, Part 1910.146. Occupational safety and health administration. Washington, D.C., United States: Department of Labor; 2011.
  5. ANSI/ASSE. Safety requirements for confined spaces, Z117. Washington, DC., United States: American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE); 2009.
  6. Selman J, Spickett J, Jansz J, Mullins B. An investigation into the rate and mechanism of incident of work-related confined space fatalities. Saf Sci 2018;109:333-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2018.06.014
  7. A methodology for the identification of confined spaces in industry. In: Botti L, Mora C, Ferrari E, editors. International conference on sustainable design and manufacturing. Springer; 2017.
  8. NIOSH. Worker deaths in confined spaces, A summary of NIOSH surveillances and Investigative findings. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/94-103/pdfs/94-103.pdf?id=10.26616/NIOSHPUB94103. 1994.
  9. A framework for preventing and managing risks in confined spaces through IOT technologies. In: Botti L, Duraccio V, Gnoni MG, Mora C, editors. Safety and reliability of complex engineered systems-proceedings of the 25th European safety and reliability conference. ESREL; 2015.
  10. Suruda AJ, Pettit TA, Noonan GP, Ronk RM. Deadly rescue: the confined space hazard. J Hazardous Mater 1994;36(1):45-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(93)E0051-3
  11. Selman J, Spickett J, Jansz J, Mullins B. Confined space rescue: a proposed procedure to reduce the risks. Saf Sci 2019;113:78-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2018.11.017
  12. Pettit TA, Braddee RW, Suruda AJ, Castillo DN, Helmkamp JC. Worker deaths in confined spaces. Prof Saf 1996;41(11):22.
  13. Meyer S. Fatal occupational injuries involving confined spaces, 1997-2001. Occup Health Saf 2003;72(11):58-60. 2, 4.
  14. Selman J, Spickett J, Jansz J, Mullins B. Work-related traumatic fatal injuries involving confined spaces in Australia, 2000-2012. J Health, Saf Environ 2017;33(2).
  15. IOGP. International Association oil and gas Producers. Safety performance indicators - 2017 data; 2018.
  16. Nano G, Derudi M. Evaluation of workers accidents through risk analysis. Chem Eng Trans 2012;16:495-500.
  17. Burlet-Vienney D, Chinniah Y, Bahloul A. The need for a comprehensive approach to managing confined space entry: summary of the literature and recommendations for next steps. J Occup Environ Hyg 2014;11(8):485-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2013.877589
  18. Burlet-Vienney D, Chinniah Y, Bahloul A, Roberge B. Occupational safety during interventions in confined spaces. Saf Sci 2015;79:19-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2015.05.003
  19. Burlet-Vienney D, Chinniah Y, Bahloul A, Roberge B. Design and application of a 5 step risk assessment tool for confined space entries. Saf Sci 2015;80:144-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2015.07.022
  20. Botti L, Duraccio V, Gnoni MG, Mora C. An integrated holistic approach to health and safety in confined spaces. J Loss Prev Process Ind 2018;55:25-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2018.05.013
  21. Wilson MP, Madison HN, Healy SB. Confined space emergency response: assessing employer and fire department practices. J Occup Environ Hyg 2012;9(2):120-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2011.646644
  22. Bea RG. Human and organization factors: engineering operating safety into offshore structures. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 1998;61(1):109-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0951-8320(97)00058-6
  23. Katsakiori P, Sakellaropoulos G, Manatakis E. Towards an evaluation of accident investigation methods in terms of their alignment with accident causation models. Saf Sci 2009;47(7):1007-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2008.11.002
  24. Mullen J. Investigating factors that influence individual safety behavior at work. J Saf Res 2004;35(3):275-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2004.03.011
  25. Salguero-Caparros F, Suarez-Cebador M, Rubio-Romero JC. Analysis of investigation reports on occupational accidents. Saf Sci 2015;72:329-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2014.10.005
  26. Attwood D, Khan F, Veitch B. Can we predict occupational accident frequency? Process Saf Environ Prot 2006;84(3):208-21. https://doi.org/10.1205/psep.05113
  27. Wiegmann DA, Shappell SA. Human error analysis of commercial aviation accidents: application of the Human Factors Analysis and Classification system (HFACS). Aviat Space Environ Med 2001;72(11):1006-16.
  28. Reason J. Human error: models and management. BMJ 2000;320(7237):768-70. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7237.768
  29. Lenne MG, Salmon PM, Liu CC, Trotter M. A systems approach to accident causation in mining: an application of the HFACS method. Accid Anal Prev 2012;48:111-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2011.05.026
  30. Garrett JW, Teizer J. Human factors analysis classification system relating to human error awareness taxonomy in construction safety. J Constr Eng Manag 2009;135(8):754-63. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000034
  31. Esenowo VN, Arewa AO, Ifelebuegu AO, Nnadi EO, Mbanaso FU. Human factors analysis and classification system for the oil and gas industry (HFACS-OGI). Reliab Eng Syst Saf 2017.
  32. Hollaway DMA, Johnson JD. Human factors analysis and classification system (HFACS): investigatory tool for human factors in offshore operational safety. In: Offshore Technology conference; 2014/5/5/; Houston, Texas. OTC: offshore Technology conference 2014. 19 p.
  33. Pedersen LM, Nielsen KJ, Kines P. Realistic evaluation as a new way to design and evaluate occupational safety interventions. Saf Sci 2012;50(1):48-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2011.06.010
  34. Rabionet SE. How I learned to design and conduct semi-structured interviews: an ongoing and continuous journey. Qualitative Report 2011;16(2):563-6.
  35. Wiegmann D, Shappell S. A human error approach to aviation accident analysis. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate; 2003.
  36. Wiegmann DA, Shappell SA. Human error analysis of commercial aviation accidents using the human factors analysis and classification system. HFACS); 2001.
  37. Hale A, Walker D, Walters N, Bolt H. Developing the understanding of underlying causes of construction fatal accidents. Saf Sci 2012;50(10):2020-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2012.01.018
  38. Celik M, Cebi S. Analytical HFACS for investigating human errors in shipping accidents. Accid Anal Prev 2009;41(1):66-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2008.09.004
  39. Madigan R, Golightly D, Madders R. Application of human factors analysis and classification system (HFACS) to UK rail safety of the line incidents. Accid Anal Prev 2016;97:122-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2016.08.023
  40. Rasmussen J. Risk management in a dynamic society: a modelling problem. Saf Sci 1997;27(2):183-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-7535(97)00052-0
  41. Diefenbach T. Are case studies more than sophisticated storytelling?: methodological problems of qualitative empirical research mainly based on semi-structured interviews. Qual Quantity 2009;43(6):875. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-008-9164-0
  42. Marshall MN. Sampling for qualitative research. Fam Pract 1996;13(6):522-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/13.6.522
  43. Erlingsson C, Brysiewicz P. A hands-on guide to doing content analysis. Afr J Emerg Med 2017;7(3):93-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afjem.2017.08.001
  44. Vaismoradi M, Jones J, Turunen H, Snelgrove S. Theme development in qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis. J Nurs Educ Pract 2016;6(5):100.
  45. Downe-Wamboldt B. Content analysis: method, applications, and issues. Health Care Women Int 1992;13(3):313-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399339209516006
  46. Chen S-T, Wall A, Davies P, Yang Z, Wang J, Chou Y-H. A Human and Organisational Factors (HOFs) analysis method for marine casualties using HFACS-Maritime Accidents (HFACS-MA). Saf Sci 2013;60:105-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2013.06.009
  47. Schroder-Hinrichs JU, Baldauf M, Ghirxi KT. Accident investigation reporting deficiencies related to organizational factors in machinery space fires and explosions. Accid Anal Prev 2011;43(3):1187-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2010.12.033
  48. Patterson JM, Shappell SA. Operator error and system deficiencies: analysis of 508 mining incidents and accidents from Queensland, Australia using HFACS. Accid Anal Prev 2010;42(4):1379-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2010.02.018
  49. Reinach S, Viale A. Application of a human error framework to conduct train accident/incident investigations. Accid Anal Prev 2006;38(2):396-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2005.10.013
  50. Xia N, Zou PX, Liu X, Wang X, Zhu R. A hybrid BN-HFACS model for predicting safety performance in construction projects. Saf Sci 2018;101:332-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2017.09.025
  51. Probst TM, Brubaker TL. The effects of job insecurity on employee safety outcomes: cross-sectional and longitudinal explorations. J Occup Health Psychol 2001;6(2):139-59. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.6.2.139
  52. Koranyi I, Jonsson J, Ronnblad T, Stockfelt L, Bodin T. Precarious employment and occupational accidents and injuries - a systematic review. Scand J Work Environ Health 2018;(4):341-50.
  53. Mearns K, Flin R, Gordon R, Fleming M. Human and organizational factors in offshore safety. Work Stress 2001;15(2):144-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/026783701102678370110066616
  54. Guzley RM. Organizational climate and communication climate:predictors of commitment to the organization. Manag Commun Q 1992;5(4):379-402. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318992005004001
  55. Zwetsloot GIJM, Kines P, Ruotsala R, Drupsteen L, Merivirta M-L, Bezemer RA. The importance of commitment, communication, culture and learning for the implementation of the Zero Accident Vision in 27 companies in Europe. Saf Sci 2017;96:22-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2017.03.001
  56. Keyton J. Communication and organizational culture: a key to understanding work experiences. Sage; 2011.
  57. Fabiano B, Curro F, Reverberi AP, Pastorino R. A statistical study on temporary work and occupational accidents: specific risk factors and risk management strategies. Saf Sci 2008;46(3):535-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2007.05.004
  58. Benavides FG, Benach J, Muntaner C, Delclos GL, Catot N, Amable M. Associations between temporary employment and occupational injury: what are the mechanisms? Occup Environ Med 2006;63(6):416-21. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2005.022301
  59. Zohar D, Polachek T. Discourse-based intervention for modifying supervisory communication as leverage for safety climate and performance improvement: a randomized field study. J Appl Psychol 2014;99(1):113-24. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034096
  60. Rebitzer JB. Job safety and contract workers in the petrochemical industry. Ind Relat: J Econ Soc 1995;34(1):40-57.
  61. Yanar B, Lay M, Smith PM. The interplay between supervisor safety support and occupational health and safety vulnerability on work injury. Safety and health at work 2019;10(2):172-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2018.11.001
  62. Chang C-H, Bernard TE, Logan J. Effects of heat stress on risk perceptions and risk taking. Applied Ergonomics 2017;62:150-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2017.02.018
  63. Dzhambov A, Dimitrova D. Occupational noise exposure and the risk for work-related injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Work Exposures Health 2017;61(9):1037-53. https://doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxx078
  64. Mirzaei Aliabadi M, Aghaei H, Kalatpour O, Soltanian AR, Nikravesh A. Analysis of human and organizational factors that influence mining accidents based on Bayesian network. Int J Occup Saf Ergon 2018:1-8.
  65. McInnes JA, Akram M, MacFarlane EM, Keegel T, Sim MR, Smith P. Association between high ambient temperature and acute work-related injury: a case-crossover analysis using workers' compensation claims data. Scand J Work Environ Health 2017;43(1).
  66. Rundmo T, Hestad H, Ulleberg P. Organisational factors, safety attitudes and workload among offshore oil personnel. Saf Sci 1998;29(2):75-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-7535(98)00008-3
  67. Weinstein ND. The precaution adoption process. Health Psychol 1988;7(4):355. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.7.4.355
  68. Zhang Y, Jing L, Bai Q, Liu T, Feng Y. A systems approach to extraordinarily major coal mine accidents in China from 1997 to 2011: an application of the HFACS approach. Int J Occup Saf Ergon 2018:1-13.
  69. Choudhry RM, Fang D. Why operatives engage in unsafe work behavior: investigating factors on construction sites. Saf Sci 2008;46(4):566-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2007.06.027
  70. A model to predict employee compliance with employee coporate's safety regulations factoring risk perception. In: Diaz YF, Resnick ML, editors. Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society annual meeting. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications Sage CA; 2000.
  71. Fleming M, Flin R, Mearns K, Gordon R. Risk perceptions of offshore workers on UK oil and gas platforms. Risk Anal 1998;18(1):103-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1998.tb00920.x

피인용 문헌

  1. Framework for Greenhouse Gas Emissions Calculations in the Context of Road Freight Transport for the Automotive Industry vol.13, pp.7, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/su13074068
  2. Inherently safer design: An accident prevention perspective on reported confined space fatalities in Quebec vol.149, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2021.03.026
  3. A human reliability assessment through enclosed space entry operation onboard ships vol.235, pp.2, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1177/1475090220979867
  4. Automatic frequency estimation of contributory factors for confined space accidents vol.157, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2021.11.004