The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY (한국해양학회지:바다)

The Korean Society of Oceanography (한국해양학회)
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Estimation of Surface fCO2 in the Southwest East Sea using Machine Learning Techniques

기계학습법을 이용한 동해 남서부해역의 표층 이산화탄소분압(fCO2) 추정

  • HAHM, DOSHIK (Department of Oceanography, Pusan National University) ;
  • PARK, SOYEONA (Marine Environmental & Climate Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology) ;
  • CHOI, SANG-HWA (Marine Environmental & Climate Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology) ;
  • KANG, DONG-JIN (Marine Environmental & Climate Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology) ;
  • RHO, TAEKEUN (Instrumental Development & Management Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology) ;
  • LEE, TONGSUP (Department of Oceanography, Pusan National University)
  • 함도식 (부산대학교 해양학과) ;
  • 박소예나 (한국해양과학기술원 해양환경.기후연구본부) ;
  • 최상화 (한국해양과학기술원 해양환경.기후연구본부) ;
  • 강동진 (한국해양과학기술원 해양환경.기후연구본부) ;
  • 노태근 (한국해양과학기술원 해양기기개발.운영센터) ;
  • 이동섭 (부산대학교 해양학과)
  • Received : 2019.06.04
  • Accepted : 2019.07.23
  • Published : 2019.08.31
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Abstract

Accurate evaluation of sea-to-air $CO_2$ flux and its variability is crucial information to the understanding of global carbon cycle and the prediction of atmospheric $CO_2$ concentration. $fCO_2$ observations are sparse in space and time in the East Sea. In this study, we derived high resolution time series of surface $fCO_2$ values in the southwest East Sea, by feeding sea surface temperature (SST), salinity (SSS), chlorophyll-a (CHL), and mixed layer depth (MLD) values, from either satellite-observations or numerical model outputs, to three machine learning models. The root mean square error of the best performing model, a Random Forest (RF) model, was $7.1{\mu}atm$. Important parameters in predicting $fCO_2$ in the RF model were SST and SSS along with time information; CHL and MLD were much less important than the other parameters. The net $CO_2$ flux in the southwest East Sea, calculated from the $fCO_2$ predicted by the RF model, was $-0.76{\pm}1.15mol\;m^{-2}yr^{-1}$, close to the lower bound of the previous estimates in the range of $-0.66{\sim}-2.47mol\;m^{-2}yr^{-1}$. The time series of $fCO_2$ predicted by the RF model showed a significant variation even in a short time interval of a week. For accurate evaluation of the $CO_2$ flux in the Ulleung Basin, it is necessary to conduct high resolution in situ observations in spring when $fCO_2$ changes rapidly.

지구의 탄소순환을 이해하고 미래 대기 $CO_2$의 농도와 기후 변화를 예측하기 위해서는 해양과 대기 사이 $CO_2$ 교환율(sea-to-air $CO_2$ flux)의 시공간 변화를 정확하게 추정하는 것이 필요하다. 연구선을 이용한 현장 관측이 갖고 있는 시공간 제약으로 인해 동해에는 매우 제한적인 표층 이산화탄소분압($fCO_2$) 자료만 존재한다. 이 연구에서는 위성 및 수치모형에서 얻은 수온, 염분, 엽록소, 혼합층 자료를 세 종류의 기계학습 모형에 입력하여 동해 남서부해역의 고해상도 표층 $fCO_2$ 시계열 자료를 산출하였다. 세 모형 중 현장 관측 자료를 가장 잘 재현하는 Random Forest (RF) 모형의 평균제곱근오차는 $7.1{\mu}atm$이었다. RF 모형을 이용한 $fCO_2$ 예측에 중요한 역할을 하는 변수는 수온, 염분과 시간 정보였으며, 엽록소와 혼합층 깊이는 $fCO_2$ 예측에 미미한 역할을 하였다. RF 모형에서 예측한 표층 $fCO_2$를 이용하여 계산한 동해 남서부해역의 $CO_2$ 교환율은 $-0.76{\pm}1.15mol\;m^{-2}yr^{-1}$로 이전 현장 관측 연구에서 제시한 교환율( $-0.66{\sim}-2.47mol\;m^{-2}yr^{-1}$) 범위 중 작은 값에 해당한다. RF 모형의 표층 $fCO_2$ 시계열 자료는 1주일 내외의 짧은 시간 사이에도 $CO_2$ 교환율이 상당히 변할 수 있음을 보여주었다. 앞으로 보다 정확한 $CO_2$ 교환율 산출을 위해서는 $fCO_2$가 급격하게 변화하는 봄철에 높은 해상도의 현장 관측을 수행할 필요가 있다.

Keywords

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