Fig. 1. Weather stations where meteorological data were collected. Weather stations marked by a blue circle were for train data. Weather station marked by a red star is for test data.
Fig. 2. Rectified Linear Units (ReLU) function. X and Y indicate independent and dependent variables, respectively.
Fig. 3. Box plots of daily solar radiation observed at the weather station located in Suwon from 1982-2017.
Fig. 4. Distributions of daily solar radiation and sunshine duration observed at the Suwon weather station in (A) 1985, (B) 1998, (C) 1997 and (D) 2015.
Fig. 5. Comparison of root mean square error (RMSE) for solar radiation estimates using five-fold crossvalidation.
Fig. 6. The scatter plot of measured and estimated solar radiation. The measurement data were obtained from the Suwon weather station from 1982-2017. The deep neural network model was used to estimate daily solar radiation.
Fig. 7. Box plots of errors for daily solar radiation estimates using the deep neural network model by a range of daily solar radiation observation at the Suwon weather station.
Fig. 8. Year-by-year comparison of R2 values for daily solar radiation estimates using the deep neural network model at the Suwon weather station.
Fig. 9. Scatter plots of daily solar radiation measurements and estimates. The measurements were obtained at the Suwon weather station in (A) 1997, (B) 2015, (C) 1985 and (D) 1998. The daily solar radiation was estimated using the deep neural network model.
Fig. 10. The scatter plot of measured and estimated solar radiation. The measurement data were obtained from the Suwon weather station from 1982-2017 except for 1985 and 1998 where the maximum values of solar radiation were relatively lower than others. The deep neural network model was used to estimate daily solar radiation.
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