DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Coercive Economic Measures and their Implications to Inter-Korean Economic Cooperation

강압적 경제·통상 조치에 대한 분석과 남북한 경제 협력에의 시사점

  • Lee, Jaewon (Lee&Ko Global Commerce Institute(International Studies, Seoul National University)) ;
  • Park, Jeongjoon (Lee&Ko Global Commerce Institute(International Studies, Seoul National University))
  • 이재원 (광장 국제통상연구원(서울대학교 국제학)) ;
  • 박정준 (광장 국제통상연구원(서울대학교 국제학))
  • Received : 2019.12.08
  • Accepted : 2019.12.16
  • Published : 2019.12.31

Abstract

This paper explores the hub-and-spoke system as the structure of the global economic network that presents obstacles for international cooperation. With its exclusive jurisdiction and control over the hub, a powerful state can employ coercive economic measures to compel and deter unwanted behavior of rogue states and even its allies. Against this backdrop, this study analyzes the cases of the US blocking access to its market by Chinese Huawei as well as the case of Japan in restricting trade for highly advanced goods to South Korea. This analysis reveals that both measures are forms of secondary boycotts, which affect not only the entities within their jurisdiction but also others located in third countries. In addition, this paper extends its findings to free trade agreements and offers implications on the outward processing scheme for the Gaeseong Industrial Complex in the KORUS FTA and the Korea-China FTA. These events result in a gray-risk for South Korea, a country that aims to resolve North Korea's denuclearization and inter-Korean economic cooperation.

Keywords

References

  1. Ahn, Duk-Geun and Jeong-Joon James Park (2014), "A Study on Internal Trade between South/North Korea in the WTO System and Gaesung Industrial Complex", Review of International and Area Studies, 23(4), 139-170.
  2. Baek, Byung-Yeul (2019, July 8), "Samsung chief scrambling to secure chip materials in Japan", The Korea Times. Available from https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/tech/2019/07/133_271940.html
  3. Baker, J. C., and E. U. Byler (1983), "S.W.I.F.T.: A Fast Method to Facilitate International Financial Transactions", Journal of World Trade, 17(5), 458-465.
  4. Beattie, A (2019), Can the World Economy Find a New Leader?, London: Chatham House. Available from https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/2019-10-07-WorldEconomyNewLeader.pdf
  5. Bureau of Industry and Security [BIS] (2018), Commerce Control List Overview and the Country Chart, Washington, D. C.: Department of Commerce. Available from https://www.bis.doc.gov/index.php/documents/regulation-docs/2254-part-738-commerce-control-list-overview-and-the-country-chart-1/file
  6. Cha, V. D. (2016), Powerplay: the origins of the American alliance system in Asia, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  7. Cho, Seok-Geun. (2019, August 26). [Exclusive] the Japanese government demands cutting-edge processing materials from Samsung Electronics for export license, iNews24. Available from https://m.news.naver.com/read.nhn?oid=031&aid=0000506534&sid1=101&mode=LSD
  8. Chapman, J. D. and W. B. Hoffman (2013), "US Economic Sanctions Law." ed. Kay C. Georgi and Paul M. Lalonde. Handbook of Export Controls & Economic Sanctions. ABA Section of International Law.
  9. Department of Defense [DOD] (2019), Indo-Pacific Strategy Report: Preparedness, Partnetship, and Promoting a Networked Region, Virginia: Author. Available from https://media.defense.gov/2019/Jul/01/2002152311/-1/-1/1/DEPARTMENT-OF-DEFENSE-INDO-PACIFIC-STRATEGY-REPORT-2019.PDF
  10. Department of Justice [DOJ] (2019, January 28), Chinese Telecommunications Conglomerate Huawei and Huawei CFO Wanzhou Meng Charged With Financial Fraud (Justice News), Washington, D. C.: Author. Avaiable from https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/chinese-telecommunications-conglomeratehuawei-and-huawei-cfo-wanzhou-meng-charged-financial
  11. EO 13599 (2012), Blocking Property of the Government of Iran and Iranian Financial Institutions, Washington, D. C.: Department of the Treasury. Available from https://www.treasury.gov/resourcecenter/sanctions/Programs/Documents/iran_eo_02062012.pdf
  12. Farrel, H. and A. Newman (2019), "Weaponized Interdependence: How Global Economic Networks Shape State Coercion", International Security, 44(1), 42-79. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00351
  13. Forrer, J. J. (2018), Secondary Economic Sanctions: Effective Policy or Risky Business? (Issue Brief), Washington, D. C.: Atlantic Council. Available from https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/issue-brief/secondary-economic-sanctions-effective-policy-or-risky-business/
  14. Geranmayeh, E. and E. Batmanghelidj (2019), Trading with Iran via the special purpose vehicle: How it can work (Iran sanctions mini-series), London: European Council on Foreign Relations. Available from https://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_trading_with_iran_special_purpose_vehicle_how_it_can_work
  15. Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP [Gibson Dunn] (2019), 2018 Year-End Sanctions Update. Available from https://www.gibsondunn.com/2018-year-end-sanctions-update/
  16. Gladstone, R. and S. Castle (2012, March 15), "Global Network Expels as Many as 30 of Iran's Banks in Move to Isolate Its Economy", the New York Times. Available from https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/16/world/middleeast/crucial-communication-network-expelling-iranian-banks.html
  17. Gowlland-Debbas, V., and D. L. Tehindrazanarivelo (2004), National implementation of United Nations sanctions: A comparative study (Vol. 4). The Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
  18. Harrel, P. E. and E. Rosenberg (2019), Economic Dominance, Financial Technology, and the Future of U.S. Economic Coercion, Washington, D. C.: the Center for a New American Security. Available from https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/economic-dominance-financial-technology-and-the-future-of-u-s-economic-coercion
  19. Hemmer, C. and PJ. Katzenstein (2002), "Why is there no NATO in Asia? Collective identity, regionalism, and the origins of multilateralism", International Organization, 56(3), 575-607. https://doi.org/10.1162/002081802760199890
  20. Hwang, Soon-Min (2019, September 3), "Samsung Electronics replaces hydrogen fluoride from domestic market ... partial input in two months after Japanese control", MBN. Available from https://www.mk.co.kr/news/business/view/2019/09/695269/
  21. Katzman, K. (2019), Iran Sanctions (CRS Report RS20871), Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. Available from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RS20871.pdf
  22. Kawakami, T. (2019, June 14), "Huawei cancels launch of new laptop as US sanctions bite", Nikkei Asian Review. Available from https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Huawei-crackdown/Huawei-cancels-launch-of-new-laptop-as-US-sanctions-bite
  23. Keohane, R. (2009), "The Old IPE and the New", Review of International Political Economy, 16(1), p 34-46. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290802524059
  24. Keohane, R. O. and J. S. Nye (2011), Power and Interdependence (4th ed.) New York NY: Pearson.
  25. Kerr, P. K. and K. Katzman (2018), Iran Nuclear Agreement and U.S. Exit (CRS Report R43333), Washington, D. C.: Congressional Research Service. Available from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/nuke/R43333.pdf
  26. Kim, Min-Ho (2003), "The Trading Activities of US Dollar Futures and the Volatility of Won/Dollar Exchange Rate", Korea Trade Review, 28(4). 137-162.
  27. Kim, Sang-Bae (2008), "The World Politics of Network Power: Beyond Traditional Theories of Power in International Politics", Korean Political Science Review, 42(4). 387-408.
  28. Kim, Sang-Bae (2019), "The Huawei Incident and U.S.-China Technological Hegemony Competition: The Complex Geoplolitics of Leading Sectors and Cyer Security", Review of International and Area studies, 28(3), 125-156.
  29. Kim, Yong-Jin, Young-Jin Kim, and Duk-Hee Lee, (2016), "Research about Global Positioning of Korean Cosmetic Industry through Trade Network analysis: Focusing on the China-Korea FTA", Korea Trade Review. 63-87.
  30. Lee, Chan-Keun, (2011), "US Financial Statecraft: Financialization, Crisis and China", Korea Trade Review, 36(3). 53-81.
  31. Lee, Hyo-Won (2017), "Legal Issues about resumption of Gaeseoung Industrial Complex", Unification & Law (31), 1-26.
  32. Lee, Seung-Joo. (2015), "Economy-Security Nexus and Changing Regional Order in East Asia", Journal of Northeast Asian Studies, (77), 51-76.
  33. Lee, Young-Hoon (2006), Current State and Evaluation of South/North Korean Economic Cooperation (BOK Finance and Economy Study 281). Seoul: Bank of Korea. Available from https://www.bok.or.kr/portal/cmmn/file/fileDown.do?menuNo=200092&atchFileId=KO_00000000000006828&fileSn=2
  34. Michel, Q. (2005), "The evolution of nuclear export control regimes: from export control list to catch-all clause", Atoms for Peace: an International Journal, 1(1), 74-83. https://doi.org/10.1504/AFP.2005.008366
  35. Min, Byoung-Won (2008), "Patterns of Unequal Distributions in Inter-State Regional Clusters: A Computer Simulation of Global Networks", Korean Political Science Review, 42(3), 287-309. https://doi.org/10.18854/kpsr.2008.42.3.013
  36. Min, Byoung-Won (2009), "Networked International Relations: Theory, Methods, and Their Limits", Korean Journal of International Relations, 49(5), 391-405.
  37. Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry [METI] (2019a), About review of operation of export control for the Republic of Korea (Webpage), 2019. 7. 1. Available from https://www.meti.go.jp/press/2019/07/20190701006/20190701006.html
  38. Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry [METI] (2019b), Update of METI's licensingpolicies and procedures on exports of controlled items to the Republic of Korea (Webpage), 2019. 7. 1. Available from https://www.meti.go.jp/english/press/2019/0701_001.html
  39. Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry [METI] (2019c), The 26th Asian Export Control Seminar Held (Webpage), 2019. 3. 4. Available from https://www.meti.go.jp/english/press/2019/0304_005.html
  40. Morrow, J. D. (1991), "Alliances and asymmetry: An alternative to the capability aggregation model of alliances", American Journal of Political Science, 904-933.
  41. Moravcsik, A. (1998), The choice for Europe: Social purpose and state power from Messina to Maastricht. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  42. Nam, Hyun-Woo (2019, May 8), "Korean exporters hit by US sanctions on Iran", The Korea Times. Available from https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/biz/2019/05/488_268422.html
  43. Nye, J. S. and R. O. Keohane (1971), Transnational relations and world politics, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  44. O'Kelly, M. E., and H. J. Miller (1994), "The hub network design problem: A review and synthesis", Journal of Transport Geography, 2(1). 31-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/0966-6923(94)90032-9
  45. Petrova, M. (2018, December 14). "We traced what it takes to make an iPhone, from its initial design to the components and raw materials needed to make it a reality", CNBC. Available from https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/13/inside-apple-iphone-where-parts-and-materials-come-from.html
  46. Rennack, D. E. (2019). North Korea: Legislative Basis for U.S. Economic Sanctions (CRS Report. R41438), Washington, D. C.: Congressional Research Service. Available from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41438.pdf
  47. Reynolds, I. and E. Nobuhiro (2019, August 8), "Japan Grants South Korea Export License, Lessening Trade Fears", Bloomberg. Available from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-08/japan-grants-south-korea-export-license-lessening-trade-fears
  48. Seo, Seung-Wook and Young-Hee Lee (2019, July 4). "Retaliation Expansion in Japan... Abe "Withdraws preferential treatment because Korea is not keeping its promise"", Joongang Ilbo. Available from https://news.joins.com/article/23514961
  49. Sheen, Seong-Ho (2008), Inter-Korean Relations without the US-ROK Alliance (NBR/KiFS U.S.-ROK Alliance Conference Paper). Seoul: The Korean Institute for Future Strategies and The National Bureau of Asian Research. Available from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.555.8769&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  50. The White House (2017a), Remarks by President Trump, President Moon of the Republic of Korea, and Prime Minister Abe of Japan Before Trilateral Meeting (Webpage), 2017. 9. 21. Available from https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-president-moon-republic-korea-prime-minister-abe-japan-trilateral-meeting/
  51. The White House (2017b), Remarks by President Trump on Iran Strategy (Webpage), 2017. 10. 13. Available from https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-iran-strategy/
  52. The White House (2018), President Donald J. Trump is Ending United States Participation in an Unacceptable Iran Deal (Webpage), Washington, D. C.: Author. Available from https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-ending-united-states-participation-unacceptable-iran-deal/
  53. Wand C. and J. W. Wang (2011), "Spatial pattern of the global shipping network and its hub-and-spoke system", Research in Transportation Economics, 32(1), 54-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2011.06.010
  54. World Trade Organization [WTO] (n.d.), What is the WTO? Available from https://www.wto.org/index.htm (accessed December 7, 2019)
  55. US Senate (2018), Hearing before the Select Committee on Intelligence of the United States Senate One Hundred Fifteenth Congress Second Session (S. HRD. 115-278), Washington, D. C.: Author. Available from https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/hearings/CHRG-115shrg28947.pdf
  56. Youn, Young-Ho and Do-Sung Na (2012), "A Study on Directions for Standardization of Outward Processing Rules of Origin in Korea FTA - Focused on Case Study on Kaesong Industrial Complex's Outward Processing", Korea Trade Review, 37(4), 295-319.
  57. Yoo, Ji-Yeong (2016), "Analysis on Consistency of Economic Sanction Measures against North Korea with WTO/FTA Security Exceptions Provisions", Review of International and Area Studies, 25(2), 1-29.