Journal of Korea Water Resources Association (한국수자원학회논문집)

Korea Water Resources Association (한국수자원학회)
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A drought assessment using the generalized complementary principle of evapotranspiration

증발산 상호보완이론을 이용한 가뭄해석

  • Chun, Jong Ahn (Climate Services and Research Department, APEC Climate Center) ;
  • Kim, Daeha (Climate Services and Research Department, APEC Climate Center)
  • 전종안 (APEC 기후센터 기후사업본부) ;
  • 김대하 (APEC 기후센터 기후사업본부)
  • Received : 2019.03.04
  • Accepted : 2019.03.28
  • Published : 2019.05.31
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Abstract

To characterize historical droughts in the conterminous United States (CONUS), we estimated the actual evapotranspiration ($ET_a$) in the CONUS using the generalized complementary relationship (GCR) for 1895-2016. The $ET_a$ estimates were compared against simulations from the Noah land surface model (LSM). In this study, the evapotranspiration (ET) deficit defined as the difference between the wet-environment ET ($ET_w$) and $ET_a$ was then normalized to calculate the Standardized Evapotranspiration Deficit Index (SEDI) across the CONUS for the years 1895-2016. The SEDI was compared to the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) at various time scales. The results showed that the GCR $ET_a$ was slightly higher than the Noah LSM-simualted $ET_a$. As time scales increased, the correlation between the SEDI and the SPI was higher. This study suggests that the GCR has promise as a tool in the estimation of $ET_a$ and SEDI can be useful for the drought characterization.

본 연구의 목적은 일반 상호보완이론(Generalized Complementary Relationship, GCR)을 활용하여 실제증발산량을 추정하고, 추정한 실제증발산량기반 가뭄지수로부터 공통경계미국(Conterminous U.S., CONUS)에 대한 1895~2016년 기간 동안의 가뭄을 해석하는 것이다. GCR 이론으로부터 추정한 $ET_a$는 North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS-2) Noah 지면모형(Land surface models)으로 산정한 $ET_a$와 비교 검증하였다. 또한, GCR로부터 증발산 부족량(ET Deficit)을 산정하고 이를 표준정규화하여 공통경계미국에 대해 Standardized Evapotranspiration Deficit Index (SEDI)를 산정하였다. 이렇게 산정한 SEDI는 Standard Precipitation Index (SPI)와 비교하였다. 본 연구로부터 GCR 기반 $ET_a$는 NLDAS-2 Noah모형의 $ET_a$보다 다소 크게 추정하는 경향을 보였다. SEDI와 SPI의 상관성은 지속시간이 클수록 더 크게 나타났다. 강수와 토양수분의 자료를 사용하지 않는 GCR이론으로부터 비교적 정확한 $ET_a$을 추정할 수 있으며, 증발산 기반인 SEDI가 적절한 가뭄해석에 이용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Keywords

SJOHCI_2019_v52n5_325_f0001.png 이미지

Fig. 1. The concept of the complementary principle between potential and actual evapotranspiration

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Fig. 3. 1:1 scatter plot between mean annual ETa by GCR and by those by NLDAS-Noah for the climate divisions

SJOHCI_2019_v52n5_325_f0003.png 이미지

Fig. 4. Maps of SEDI6 and SPI6 for major drought months in the CONUS. The thresholds for classifying drought conditions (D4 to D0) were –2.0, -1.6, -1.3, -0.8, and -0.5. Wet conditions (W4 to W0) were categorized by the same numbers for D4 to D0 but with positive signs. N represents the normal condition

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Fig. 5. (a) Temporal variation of the spatial averaged SEDI6 and SPI6 across CONUS, and (b) changes in D3 and D4 areas defined by SEDI6 and SPI6

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Fig. 2. (a) Annual mean precipitation from the PRISM, (b) annual mean ETa estimated by the GCR, and (c) ratios of ETa to precipitation

SJOHCI_2019_v52n5_325_f0006.png 이미지

Fig. 6. Temporal correlation between SEDI and SPI per time scale. The two indices have same time scales in the correlation maps

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