Physical Therapy Korea (한국전문물리치료학회지)

Korean Research Society of Physical Therapy (한국전문물리치료학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of Shoe Heel Height on Walking Velocity and Electromyographic Activities of Lower Extremity Muscles During Short- and Long-Distance Walking in Young Females

젊은 여성에서 단거리 및 장거리 보행 시 신발 뒤굽 높이가 보행 속도와 다리 근육의 근활성도에 미치는 영향

  • Oh, Duck-won (Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Medical Science, Cheongju University)
  • 오덕원 (청주대학교 보건의료과학대학 물리치료학과)
  • Received : 2019.02.01
  • Accepted : 2019.03.05
  • Published : 2019.05.21
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Background: High-heeled shoes can change spinal alignment and feet movement, which leads to muscle fatigue and discomfort in lumbopelvic region, legs, and feet while walking. Objects: This study aimed to identify the effects of different shoe heel heights on the walking velocity and electromyographic (EMG) activities of the lower leg muscles during short- and long-distance walking in young females. Methods: Fifteen young females were recruited in this study. The experiments were performed with the following two different shoe heel heights: 0 cm and 7 cm. All participants underwent an electromyographic procedure to measure the activities and fatigue levels of the tibialis anterior (TA), medial gastrocnemius (MG), rectus femoris (RF), and hamstring muscles with each heel height during both short- and long-distance walking. The walking velocities were measured using the short-distance (10-m walk) and long-distance (6-min walk) walking tests. Results: Significant interaction effects were found between heel height and walking distance conditions for the EMG activities and fatigue levels of TA and MG muscles, and walking velocity (p<.05). The walking velocity and activities of the TA, MG, and RF muscles appeared to be significantly different between the 0 cm and 7 cm heel heights during both short- and long-distance walking (p<.05). Significant difference in the fatigue level of the MG muscle were found between the 0 cm and 7 cm heel heights during long-distance walking. In addition, walking velocity and the fatigue level of the MG muscle at the 7 cm heel height revealed significant differences in the comparison of short- and long-distance walking (p<.05). Conclusion: These findings indicate that higher shoe heel height leads to a decrease in the walking velocity and an increase in the activity and fatigue level of the lower leg muscles, particularly during long-distance walking.

Keywords

References

  1. American Thoracic Society. ATS statement: Guidelines for the six-minute walk test. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(1):111-117. http://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.166.1.at1102
  2. Alkjaer T, Raffalt P, Petersen NC, et al. Movement behavior of high-heeled walking: How does the nervous system control the ankle joint during an unstable walking condition? PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e37390. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0037390
  3. Bohannon RW. Comfortable and maximum walking speed of adults aged 20-79 years: Reference values and determinants. Age Ageing. 1997;26(1);15-19. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/26.1.15
  4. Burden A, Bartlett R. Normalisation of EMG amplitude: An evaluation and comparison of old and new methods. Med Eng Phys. 1999;21(4):247-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1350-4533(99)00054-5
  5. Candotti C, Carvalho K, Torre M, et al. Ativacao e co-contracao dos musculos gastrocnemio e tibial anterior na marcha de mulheres utilizando diferentes alturas de saltos. Rev Bras Cienc Esporte. 2012;34(1):27-39. http://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-32892012000100003
  6. Cram JR, Kasman GS, Holtz JH. Introduction to surface electomyography. 1st ed. Gaithersburg, Aspen Publishers, 1998:360-374.
  7. Cronin NJ, Barrett RS, Carty CP. Long-term use of high-heeled shoes alters the neuromechanics of human walking. J Appl Physiol(1985). 2012;112(6): 1054-1058. http://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01402.2011
  8. Cronin NJ, Peltonen J, Ishikawa M, et al. Effects of contraction intensity on muscle fascicle and stretch reflex behavior in the human triceps surae. J Appl Physiol(1985). 2008;105(1):226-232. http://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.90432.2008
  9. Cronin NJ. The effects of high heeled shoes on female gait: A review. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2014;24(2):258-263. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2014.01.004
  10. Csapo R, Maganaris CN, Seynnes OR, et al. On muscle, tendon and high heels. J Exp Biol. 2010;213(Pt 15):2582-2588. http://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.044271
  11. Do Nascimento NIC, Saraiva TS, da Cruz Jr ATV, et al. Barefoot and high-heeled gait: Changes in muscles activation patterns. Health. 2014;6(6):2190-2196. https://doi.org/10.4236/health.2014.616254
  12. Edwards L, Dixon J, Kent JR, et al. Effect of shoe heel height on vastus medialis and vastus lateralis electromyographic activity during sit to stand. J Orthop Surg Res. 2008;10(3):2. http://doi.org/10.1186/1749-799X-3-2
  13. Gerber SB, Costa RV, Grecco LA, et al. Interference of high-heeled shoes in static balance among young women. Hum Mov Sci. 2012;31(5):1247-1252. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2012.02.005
  14. Hong WH, Lee YH, Lin YH, et al. Effect of shoe heel height and total-contact insert on muscle loading and foot stability while walking. Foot Ankle Int. 2013;34(2):273-281. http://doi.org/10.1177/1071100712465817
  15. Johanson MA, Allen JC, Matsumoto M, et al. Effect of heel lifts on plantarflexor and dorsiflexor activity during gait. Foot Ankle Int. 2010;31(11):1014-1020. http://doi.org/10.3113/FAI.2010.1014
  16. Kendall FP, McCreary EK, Provance PG, et al. Muscles: Testing and Function with Posture and Pain, 5th ed. Baltimore. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005:410-421.
  17. Kermani M, Ghasemi M, Rahimi A, et al. Electromyographic changes in muscles around the ankle and the knee joints in women accustomed to wearing high-heeled or low-heeled shoes. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2018;22(1):129-133. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.04.002
  18. Kim BG, Gong WT, Kim HS. The effect of heel-height on the lumbosacral region angle of young ladies. J Korean Soc Phys Med. 2007;2(1):49-59.
  19. Kim JH. The distribution of average plantar pressure in accordance with motion type of foot. Suwon, Kyonggi University, Master Thesis. 2006.
  20. Kim TW, Kim JT. Analysis of muscle powers according to different walking speeds in obese and normal people. Korean Journal of Sport Science. 2007;18(1):19-29. https://doi.org/10.24985/kjss.2007.18.1.19
  21. Larsson B, Kadi F, Lindvall B, et al. Surface electromyography and peak torque of repetitive maximum isokinetic plantar flexions in relation to aspects of muscle morphology. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2006;16(3):281-290. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.07.009
  22. Lee CM, Jeong EH, Freivalds A. Biomechanical effects of wearing high-heeled shoes. Int J Indust Ergon. 2001;28(6):321-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8141(01)00038-5
  23. Lichtwark GA, Wilson AM. Is Achilles tendon compliance optimised for maximum muscle efficiency during locomotion? J Biomech. 2007;40(8):1768-1775. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2006.07.025
  24. Luximon Y, Cong Y, Luximon,A, et al. Effects of heel base size, walking speed, and slope angle on center of pressure trajectory and plantar pressure when wearing high-heeled shoes. Hum Mov Sci 2015;41:307-319. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2015.04.003
  25. Mika A, Oleksy L, Mika P, et al. The influence of heel height on lower extremity kinematics and leg muscle activity during gait in young and middle-aged women. Gait Posture. 2012;35(4):677-680. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.12.001
  26. Murata A, Ishihara H. Evaluation of shoulder muscular fatigue induced during mouse operation in a VDT task. IEICE T Inf Syst. 2005;88(2):223-229. https://doi.org/10.1093/ietisy/E88-D.2.223
  27. Naik GR, Al-Ani A, Gobbo M, et al. Does heel height cause imbalance during sit-to-stand task: Surface emg perspective. Front Physiol. 2017;8:626. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00626
  28. Nam SJ, Kim MJ, Yim SJ, et al. Influence of walking speed on electromyographic activity of the rectus abdominis and erector spinae during high-heeled walking. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2014;27(3):355-360. http://doi.org/10.3233/BMR-140455
  29. Oh DW, Chon SC, Shim JH. Effect of shoe heel height on standing balance and muscle activation of ankle joint. JESK. 2010;29(5):789-795. https://doi.org/10.5143/JESK.2010.29.5.789
  30. Orizio C, Gobbo M, Diemont B, et al. Force dynamic response of tibialis anterior-ankle joint unit in humans. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2007;17(2):194-202. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2006.01.012
  31. Park S, Park J. Effect of heel height and speed on gait, and the relationship among the factors and gait variables. JESK. 2016;35(1):39-52. https://doi.org/10.5143/JESK.2016.35.1.39
  32. Ryu JS. The temporal coordination of the lower extremity by increasing high-heel height during walking. KJSB. 2009;19(3):593-601.
  33. Srivastava A, Mishra A, Tewari R. Electromyography analysis of high heel walking. Int J Electron Comm Technol. 2012;3(1):166-169.
  34. Tsang RCC. Reference values for 6-minute walk test and hand-grip strength in healthy Hong Kong Chinese adults. Hong Kong Physiother J. 2005;23(1):6-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1013-7025(09)70053-3
  35. Valentini B, Martinelli B, Mezzarobba S, et al. Optokinetic analysis of gait cycle during walking with 1 cm-and 2cm-high heel lifts. Foot(Edinb). 2009;19(1):44-49. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.foot.2008.09.002
  36. Zöllner AM, Pok JM, McWalter EJ, et al. On high heels and short muscles: A multiscale model for sarcomere loss in the gastrocnemius muscle. J Theor Biol. 2015;365:301-310. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.10.036

Cited by

  1. 임상간호사의 간호근무환경과 조직몰입의 관계에서 회복탄력성의 매개효과 vol.18, pp.12, 2019, https://doi.org/10.14400/jdc.2020.18.12.435