Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology (한국농림기상학회지)

Korean Society of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology (한국농림기상학회)
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The inference about the cause of death of Korean Fir in Mt. Halla through the analysis of spatial dying pattern - Proposing the possibility of excess soil moisture by climate changes -

한라산 구상나무 공간적 고사패턴 분석을 통한 고사원인 추정 - 기후변화에 따른 토양수분 과다 가능성 제안 -

  • Ahn, Ung San (Research Department for Hallasan, World Heritage Office, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province) ;
  • Kim, Dae Sin (Research Department for Hallasan, World Heritage Office, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province) ;
  • Yun, Young Seok (Research Department for Hallasan, World Heritage Office, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province) ;
  • Ko, Suk Hyung (Research Department for Hallasan, World Heritage Office, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province) ;
  • Kim, Kwon Su (Research Department for Hallasan, World Heritage Office, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province) ;
  • Cho, In Sook (Research Department for Hallasan, World Heritage Office, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province)
  • 안웅산 (제주특별자치도 세계유산본부) ;
  • 김대신 (제주특별자치도 세계유산본부) ;
  • 윤영석 (제주특별자치도 세계유산본부) ;
  • 고석형 (제주특별자치도 세계유산본부) ;
  • 김권수 (제주특별자치도 세계유산본부) ;
  • 조인숙 (제주특별자치도 세계유산본부)
  • Received : 2018.02.12
  • Accepted : 2019.03.28
  • Published : 2019.03.30
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Abstract

This study analyzed the density and mortality rate of Korean fir at 9 sites where individuals of Korean firs were marked into the live and dead trees with coordinates on orthorectified aerial images by digital photogrammetric system. As a result of the analysis, Korean fir in each site showed considerable heterogeneity in density and mortality rate depending on the location within site. This make it possible to assume that death of Korean fir can occur by specific factors that vary depending on the location. Based on the analyzed densities and mortality rates of Korea fir, we investigated the correlation between topographic factors such as altitude, terrain slope, drainage network, solar radiation, aspect and the death of Korean fir. The density of Korean fir increases with altitude, and the mortality rate also increases. A negative correlation is found between the terrain slope and the mortality rate, and the mortality rate is higher in the gentle slope where the drainage network is less developed. In addition, it is recognized that depending on the aspect, the mortality rate varies greatly, and the mean solar radiation is higher in live Korean fir-dominant area than in dead Korean fir-dominant area. Overall, the mortality rate of Korean fir in Mt. Halla area is relatively higher in areas with relatively low terrain slope and low solar radiation. Considering the results of previous studies that the terrain slope has a strong negative correlation with soil moisture and the relationship between solar radiation and evaporation, these results lead us to infer that excess soil moisture is the cause of Korean fir mortality. These inferences are supported by a series of climate change phenomena such as precipitation increase, evaporation decrease, and reduced sunshine duration in the Korean peninsula including Jeju Island, increase in mortality rate along with increased precipitation according to the elevation of Mt. Halla and the vegetation change in the mountain. It is expected that the spatial patterns in the density and mortality rate of Korean fir, which are controlled by topography such as altitude, slope, aspect, solar radiation, drainage network, can be used as spatial variables in future numerical modeling studies on the death or decline of Korean fir. In addition, the method of forest distribution survey using the orthorectified aerial images can be widely used as a numerical monitoring technique in long - term vegetation change research.

본 연구에서는 한라산 사방향에 분포하는 구상나무 자생지 중 9개 조사구에 대하여 구상나무를 생목과 사목으로 구분하여 도면화하고, 그 밀도와 고사율을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 구상나무는 조사구 내의 위치에 따라 밀도 및 고사율에 있어 상당한 불균질성을 보였다. 이는 위치에 따라 변화하는 특정 인자가 구상나무 고사를 발생시킬 것이라는 추정을 가능케 한다. 본 연구에서는 구상나무 밀도 및 고사율을 토대로 고도, 지형경사, 수계망, 일사량과 경사향 등의 지형적 요인과 구상나무 고사현상과의 관련성을 살펴보았다. 구상나무는 고도가 증가함에 따라 밀도가 증가하였으며, 고사율 또한 증가하였다. 지형경사와 고사율 사이에는 음의 상관관계가 인지되었으며, 수계망이 미약하게 발달한 완만한 곳에서 고사율이 높게 나타났다. 그리고 경사향에 따라 고사율이 크게 변화하는 것이 인지되었으며, 생목이 우세한 영역이 사목이 우세한 영역에 비해 평균 일사량이 많게 나타났다. 전반적으로 한라산 구상나무는 상대적으로 지형경사가 완만하고, 일사량이 적은 곳에서 많이 고사하는 것으로 나타났다. 지형경사가 완만할수록 상대적으로 토양수분 함량이 많고, 일사량이 적을수록 증발량이 적어져 토양수분 함량이 많다는 기존 연구결과를 고려하면, 토양수분 과다가 한라산 구상나무 고사의 원인으로 추정된다. 이는 근래의 한반도 및 제주 지역에서 나타나는 강수량 증가, 증발량 감소, 일조시간 감소 등의 일련의 기후변화 현상, 한라산 고도 증가에 따른 강수량 증가와 함께 나타나는 고사율 증가현상, 한라산 아고산지대에서의 식생변화 등의 증거들에 의해 뒷받침된다. 이번 연구에서 고도 및 지역에 따라 인지되는 구상나무 밀도와 고사율의 변화양상은 향후 구상나무 쇠퇴현상에 대한 수치 모델링 연구에 있어 공간변수로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. 뿐만 아니라, 정사항공영상을 활용하는 개체단위의 수목분포 조사 방법은 향후 장기적 식생변화 연구에 있어 수치적 모니터링 기법으로 널리 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

Keywords

NRGSBM_2019_v21n1_1_f0001.png 이미지

Fig. 1. Location of 9 Sites (green rectangle) and 70 Plots (small brown square) on the relief shade map of Mt. Halla. Size, density and mortality rate of Korean fir within each site is shown in Table 1. 70 Plots with 60×60 m in size were chosen randomly around Mt. Halla. Each green point indicates the location of each live Korean fir which was marked with orthorectified aerial images by digital photogrammetric system. The orthorectified aerial images used have 8㎝ horizontal resolution.

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Fig. 3. Percent mortality rate maps for Korean fir within 9 Sites. Mortality rate of each site was analyzed for the area within radius of 20 m by QGIS. The numbers for each site refer to the average density of Korean fir (per 100㎡) with the average percent mortality rate in parentheses.

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Fig. 4. Relationship among mean density and percent mortality rate of Korean fir with elevation. Numbers under red circles indicate 9 Sites. Detailed data are shown in Table 1. Site 2, 3, 4 and 5 on northeast slope, Site 1 and 2 on north slope, and Site 7 and 8 on southwest slope of Mt. Halla are connected with dashed lines respectively.

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Fig. 5. Changing pattern of the density (ea/100㎡) and percent mortality rate of Korean fir from Site 2 to Site 5, located linearly in the northeastern part of Mt. Halla. The elevation of the Sites increase from Site 5 to Site 2. R-squared, Sig. and equation placed above the group of dots show the results of simple linear regression for each Site.

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Fig. 6. Relationship between terrain slope and percent mortality rate for 70 Plots (60×60 m). Dashed-line is regression line for data of 70 plots.

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Fig. 7. Relationship between slope and percent mortality rate in 9 Sites (a~i). Blue points and dashed-lines are related with slope and percent mortality rate for each smaller cells (60×60 m) within each Site. Circles and dashed-line in each graph are same to the Fig. 6, drawn with data from 70 Plots. At the top right of each graph are R-squared, Sig. and regression equation showing the results of simple linear regression for each Site.

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Fig. 9. Annual solar radiation map (% of Maximum) of Site 1 and Site 8. Yellow squares (60×60 m) indicate the cells with the relatively higher mortality rate, which are plotted above the regression line within Fig. 7a and Fig. 7h respectively.

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Fig. 10. Relationship between annual solar radiation and percent mortality rate in 9 Sites (a~i). Blue points show annual solar radiation and percent mortality rate for each smaller cells (60×60 m) within each Site. Detailed regression data are shown at Table 6. (j) It shows the result of regression for some part of Site 8 excluding areas deviated significantly from the other parts in terms of annual solar radiation. At the top right of each graph are R-squared, Sig., and regression equation showing the results of simple linear regression for each Site.

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Fig. 12. Area with more than 95% of annual solar radiation (% of Maximum), in which areas shown in white color have almost no Korean fir. Green points are the locations of each live Korean fir.

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Fig. 16. a: Soil texture classification using USDA soil taxonomy for soils of Mt. Halla. Blue and red circles indicate shallow (0~15 ㎝ depth) and deep (15~30 ㎝ depth) samples, respectively. b: photo of dried soil of Site 7 with more sand particles, c: Photo of dried soil of Site 8 with more clay.

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Fig. 17. Comparison of Site 7 and Site 8 in relationship between slope and mortality.

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Fig. 2. (a) Mapped spatial point patterns of live and dead Korean Firs and (b) Percent mortality rate map of Korean firs in some part of Site 6. This area is marked with white box in Figure 1. Red and green points indicate dead and live Korean firs respectively. White lines of background in (a) are drainage networks which were analyzed from DEM of 1 m resolution by QGIS.

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Fig. 8. (a) Percent mortality rate map and (b) Drainage networks in Site 8 near Youngsil. Yellow lines in (a) are 10 m contours. White lines in (b) are drainage networks which were analyzed from DEM of 1 m resolution by QGIS.

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Fig. 11. (a)∼(i) Percent of area with no Korean fir in respect to the area with same annual solar radiation within each Site.

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Fig. 15. (a) Location of weather stations related with the data source of each graph. (b) annual precipitation (blue points), small pan evaporation (red points), and large pan evaporation (grey points). (c) Number of rainy days (blue points), rainy days with less than 10 ㎜ rainfall (green points), and rainy days with more than 10 ㎜ rainfall (red points). (d) Annual sunshine hours. The data related with graph (b)~(d) have been recorded at the Jeju Meteorological Office from 1923 to date. (e) & (f) Annual precipitation recorded at a series of weather stations which are installed in different elevation and aspect of Mt. Halla. (g) & (h) Gradient of annual precipitation in respect to elevation, in northwestern part and southeastern part of Mt. Halla, respectively. Different color symbols and strain lines are annual precipitation of each weather station of same year and the linear fitting of the series. Data are from the website of Korean Meteorological Administration (https://data.kma.go.kr).

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Fig. 13. (a) Mapped spatial point pattern of live and dead Korean firs with drainage networks on the background, (b) Map of annual solar radiation (% of maximum), (c) Map of percent mortality rate and (d) Combined Map showing the relationship among aspect, solar radiation, and drainage networks in respect to the mortality rate of Korean fir in Site 3. Yellow lines are 10 m contours, which show the aspect of the topography. Gray squares (60×60 m) indicate the cells plotted above the regression line within Fig. 7c, which have the relatively higher mortality rate within the Site 3.

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Fig. 14. (a) Mapped spatial point pattern of live and dead Korean firs and (b) Map of annual solar radiation (% of maximum) in Site 2. This Site is divided into northwestern part and southeastern part according to the distinctive mortality pattern of Korean fir. The Site 2-ES is higher than the Site 2-NW in the mortality rate of Korean fir and the annual solar radiation. The general characteristics of each part are given in the table below.

Table 1. Percent mortality rate and density of Korean fir in 9 Sites

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Table 2. Results of simple linear regression for the density of Korean fir (/100㎡) in according to elevation (m) within each site

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Table 3. Results of simple linear regression for the percent mortality rate of Korean fir in according to elevation (m) within each site

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Table 4. Result of simple regression between percent mortality rate of Korean fir and terrain slope for 70 Plots, which are randomly chosen around Mt. Halla

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Table 5. Results of simple linear regression and T-test between the percent mortality rate of Korean fir and terrain slope (deg.)

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Table 6. Results of simple linear regression and T-test between the percent mortality rate of Korean fir and the annual solar radiation (% of Maximum)

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table below.Table 7. General characteristics of two subsites of Site 2

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Table 8. Preliminary measurement of soil water content for Site 7 and Site 8 by oven drying method

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