Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science (한국산림과학회지)

Korean Society of Forest Science (한국산림과학회)
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Characteristics of Soil Disturbance Caused by Passages of Harvester and Forwarder in Cut-to-Length Harvesting Operations

단목생산작업에 있어서 하베스터와 포워더의 임내주행에 따른 토양교란 특성

  • Han, Sang-Kyun (Department of Forestry, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries) ;
  • Lee, Kyeong-Cheol (Department of Forestry, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries) ;
  • Oh, Jae-Heun (Forest Technology and Management Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science) ;
  • Mun, Ho-Seong (Forest Technology and Management Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science) ;
  • Lee, Sang-Tae (Forest Technology and Management Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science) ;
  • Choi, Yun-Sung (Forest Technology and Management Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science) ;
  • Choi, Byoung-Koo (Division of Forest Science, Kangwon National University)
  • 한상균 (한국농수산대학 산림학과) ;
  • 이경철 (한국농수산대학 산림학과) ;
  • 오재헌 (국립산림과학원 산림기술경영연구소) ;
  • 문호성 (국립산림과학원 산림기술경영연구소) ;
  • 이상태 (국립산림과학원 산림기술경영연구소) ;
  • 최윤성 (국립산림과학원 산림기술경영연구소) ;
  • 최병구 (강원대학교 산림과학부)
  • Received : 2019.02.26
  • Accepted : 2019.03.08
  • Published : 2019.03.31
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Abstract

With an increasing demand of timber production, the use of heavy machinery in forest management has significantly increased, causing the changes of soil physical properties and the decline of long-term site productivity. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of logging slash (non-slash, slash $7.3kg/m^2$, and slash $11.5kg/m^2$) and machine passes(harvester 1 pass and forwarder 1 to 10 passes) on soil physical properties at 10 cm, 20 cm and 30 cm soil depths in harvester and forwarder operations and also to estimate the degree of soil surface disturbance. The results indicated that soil bulk density in the non-slash treatment site increased 10 %~29 % (25~139 % in soil penetration resistance) at all soil depths, compared with the slash treatment site(slash $11.5kg/m^2$). Therefore, the creation of a slash mat could be an effective way to minimize the changes of soil physical properties. In addition, 92 % of total soil compaction in slash treatment site was created within harvester 1 pass and forwarder 5 passes. In non-slash treatment site, 84 % of total soil compaction was created within first harvester and forwarder passes. The results showed that slash treatment was effective to reduce soil compaction caused by machine passes and also it is necessary to create designed forwarding trails for minimizing soil compaction area at timber harvesting sites.

최근 국내 숲가꾸기 산물수집 및 목재수확에 있어 하베스터, 포워더와 같은 중대형 임업기계의 활용이 증대되고 있는 실정이며, 이에 따른 토양환경 피해 및 임지생산력 저하 등 환경적인 문제가 대두되고 있다. 본 연구는 하베스터와 포워더의 임내주행에 있어서 벌채부산물처리(무처리, $7.3kg/m^2$과 $11.5kg/m^2$) 및 주행횟수(하베스터 1회와 포워더 1~10회)에 따른 토양 깊이별(10, 20 및 30 cm) 토양 물리성 변화 및 토양 지표면 교란을 판단하기 위하여 토양밀도, 토양관입저항, 토양패임 등을 측정하였다. 연구결과 임업기계의 임내주행에 따른 토양용적밀도는 벌채부산물 무처리구에서 처리구($11.5kg/m^2$)와 비교하여 약 10~29 % 높게 나타났으며, 토양관입저항은 약 25~139 %까지 높게 나타나 벌채부산물 처리에 따른 토양답압 저감효과를 확인할 수 있었다(p<0.05). 또한 벌채부산물 처리구와 무처리구 모두에서 주행횟수가 증가함에 따라 토양용적밀도와 관입저항은 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 벌채부산물 처리구는 하베스터 1회, 포워더 5회까지 전체 토양답압의 92%가 발생되었고 무처리구에서는 하베스터 1회 포워더 1회까지 전체 토양답압의 84 %가 발생되는 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구결과를 바탕으로 향후 하베스터와 포워더를 이용한 단목수확작업을 설계할 시에는 토양환경피해 및 피해면적을 최소화하기 위하여 주행차로에 벌채부산물을 처리하거나, 지정 주행차로를 설계하는 것이 필요하다고 판단된다.

Keywords

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Figure 1. Experimental block designs and sample points to measure changes of soil physical properties and surface deformations caused by two different slash treatments with machine passages.

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Figure 2. Experimental block designs to measure changes of soil physical properties caused by different machine passages with two different slash treatments.

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Figure 3. The methods of measurement.

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Figure 4. Percent increase of soil bulk density after machine passage. Means with the same letter are not significantly different (p>0.05).

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Figure 5. Penetration resistance changes in reference, center, and track area after machine passage with slash treatments (Non-slash : left, Slash : right).

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Figure 6. Percent increase of soil penetration resistance after machine passage. Means with the same letter are not significantly different (p>0.05).

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Figure 7. Percent increasement of soil bulk density by machine passes and logging slash treatments. Means with the same letter are not significantly different (p>0.05).

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Figure 8. Percent increasement of soil penetration resistance by machine passes and logging slash treatments. Means with the same letter are not significantly different (p>0.05)

Table 1. Mean values (±standard deviation) for soil bulk density (Mg/m3) collected from the reference and track areas in two different slash treatment sites.

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Table 2. Mean values (±standard deviation) for soil penetration resistance (kPa) collected from the reference and track areas in two different slash treatment sites.

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Table 4. Changes in soil bulk density (Mg/㎡) by the number of machine passes and logging slash treatments.

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Table 3. Mean values for soil rut depth and soil berm height after machine passage in two different slash treatment sites.

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Table 5. Changes in soil penetration resistance (kPa) by the number of machine passes and logging slash treatments.

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