해양 과학시추 50년 (1968-2018): 한국의 성과 및 미래 방향

Fifty Years of Scientific Ocean Drilling (1968-2018): Achievements and Future Direction of K-IODP

Abstract

2018년은 해양 과학시추가 시작된 지 50년이 되는 해이다. 그럼에도 불구하고 우리는 지구의 대양저보다 달의 표면을 더 많이 알고 있을 정도로 지구내부에 대한 정보가 많지 않다. 대양저에 관한 연구는 해양 과학시추로부터 얻어진 시료를 통해서 알 수 있다. 이러한 심해의 시료획득은 50년 전인 1968년 8월 11일 미연방차원에서 지원된 심해저시추계획(DSDP: Deep Sea Drilling Project)에서 글로마 챌린저(Glomar Challenger)호를 이용한 멕시코 만 시추로부터 시작되었다. 이후 해저지각시추프로그램(ODP: Ocean Drilling Program), 통합해저지각시추프로그램(old IODP: Integrated Ocean Drilling Program), 그리고 국제해양시추탐사프로그램 (new IODP: International Ocean Discovery Program)으로 이어져 오고 있다. 해양 과학시추로부터 얻어진 가장 큰 성과는 두 가지 기술적인 성과와 다양한 과학적인 성과로 나눠진다. 첫 번째 기술적인 성과는 시추선이 시추위치를 벗어나지 않고 연속적으로 시추코어를 획득할 수 있도록 위치를 유지시켜주는 동적위치유지 시스템(dynamic positioning system)이다. 다른 하나는 시추동안 드릴 비트를 교체한 후 동일한 시추공에 드릴비트가 쉽게 투입될 수 있도록 해주는 재투입 콘(re-entry cone)의 개발이다. 이러한 기술적인 혁신 외에도 다양한 과학적 성과 즉 판구조론 증명, 지구의 역사 규명, 그리고 심해 퇴적물 내 생명체의 발견 등이 있다. 2013년 10월 시작된 국제해양시추탐사프로그램(new IODP)은 2023년까지 계속될 예정이고, 2023년 이후 다음 단계를 위해 참여 회원국들은 새로운 과학계획 수립과 더불어 미래의 해양 과학시추 50년을 준비하고 있다. 우리나라도 이러한 국제적인 동향에 발맞추어 회원국가로서 지속적인 참여와 다음단계를 위한 준비가 필요한 시점이다.

The year 2018 is the $50^{th}$ anniversary of scientific ocean drilling. Nevertheless, we know more about the surface of the moon than the Earth's ocean floor. In other words, there are still no much informations about the Earth interior. Much of what we do know has come from the scientific ocean drilling, providing the systematic collection of core samples from the deep seabed. This revolutionary process began 50 years ago, when the drilling vessel Glomar Challenger sailed into the Gulf of Mexico on August 11, 1968 on the first expedition of the federally funded Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP). DSDP followed successively by Ocean Drilling Program (ODP), Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (old IODP), and International Ocean Discovery Program (new IODP). Concerning on the results of scientific ocean drilling, there are two technological innovations and various scientific research results. The one is a dynamic positioning system, enables the drilling vessel to stay fixed in place while drilling and recovering cores in the deep water. Another is the finding of re-entry cone to replace drill bit during the drilling. In addition to technological innovation, there are important scientific results such as confirmation of plate tectonics, reconstruction of earth's history, and finding of life within sediments. New IODP has begun in October, 2013 and will continue till 2023. IODP member countries are preparing for the IODP science plan beyond 2023 and future 50 years of scientific ocean drilling. We as IODP member also need to participate in keeping with the international trend.

Fig. 1. Earth system components, process, and phenomena around the world oceans (IODP, 2001). Note various scientific research themes from deep ocean drilling.

Fig. 2. Photograph (A) of D/V Glomar Challenger and the locations (B) drilled using Glomar Challenger during DSDP.

Fig. 3. Photograph (A) of R/V JOIDES Resolution and the locations (B) drilled using R/V JOIDES Resolution during ODP.

Fig. 4. Photographs (A, B) of D/V Chikyu and MSP, and the locations (C) drilled using R/V JOIDES Resolution, D/V Chikyu, and MSP during IODP.

Fig. 5. IODP funding model (www.iodp.org). Note that Korea is JR partner.

Fig. 6. Areal distribution of IODP member country (www.iodp.org). Note no Africa and middle East countries in IODP member.

Fig. 7. Science plan (A) of new IODP and three regional core repositories (B)(BCR, GCR, KCC) of IODP(IODP, 2011).

Fig. 8. Thruster of drilling vessel and simple principle of dynamic positioning system (www.jamstec.go.jp).

Fig. 9. Photographs of re-entry cone in moon pool (A) and on seafloor (B. C)(www.iodp.org).

Fig. 10. Location and ship track (A) of sites drilled during DSDP Leg 3 (www.iodp.org) and relationship between ridge axis and seafloor age (www.deepearthacademy.org).

Fig. 11. Statistics of Korean scientists participated since 1997. Note increasing shipboard scientists according to phase of K-IODP. The X and Y axes are the year and the number, respectively.

Fig. 12. The present occupation status of early career scientists participated in IODP sailing since 1997. Note they are engaged in a related job.

Fig. 13. Statistics of the students participated in K-IODP Summer School. The X and Y axes are the year and the number, respectively.

Fig. 14. Statistics of scientific papers published since 1997. The number of the paper were significantly increased. The X and Y axes are the year and the number, respectively.

Fig. 15. The international ocean discovery program that requires international collaboration between IODP member countries.

Fig. 16. The number of sailing scientists by IODP member country during IODP Exp. 349-375. The X and Y axes are the country and the number, respectively.

Fig. 17. Expectation of gradual increase of research objectives according to each K-IODP stage.

Table 1. Summary of Deep Sea Drilling Project (1968-1983)(www.idop.org)

Table 2. Summary of Ocean Drilling Program (1985-2003)(www.idop.org)

Table 3. Summary of Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (2003-2013)(www.idop.org)

Table 4. Platform partner of IODP member country

Table 5. Summary of International Ocean Discovery Program (2013∼July 2017)(www.idop.org)

Table 6. Expedition name, platform, and list of Korean scientists participated for IODP sailing since 1998. JR: JOIDES Resolution, MSP: Mission Specific Platform. KIGAM: Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, KIOST: Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, KOPRI: Korea Polar Research Institute, KNOC: Korea National Oil Corporation. KHOA: Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Agency. The asterisk (*) indicates early career scientist