Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture (한국전통조경학회지)

Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture (한국전통조경학회)
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An Emergence of Tigers and Leopards in the Palace During the Joseon Period from the Environmental Historical Perspective

환경사 관점에서 본 조선시대 궁궐에 범과 표범의 출몰

  • Received : 2018.08.04
  • Accepted : 2018.08.30
  • Published : 2018.09.30
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Abstract

This study aims to investigate an aspect of physical palace by reviewing the emergences of tigers and leopards in the palace in Hanyang from the environmental historical perspective. To do so, three topics in environmental history were reviewed including 'environment,' 'impact of human-beings on the environment,' and 'sense and attitude of human-beings on the environment' based on the historical records such as "'Wangjoshilok(王朝實錄)". The results of this study are as follows. First, It was confirmed that leopards and tigers were emerged not only in the palace but also near the City Wall of Hanyang from time to time in Joseon Dynasty. Moreover, tigers lived and propagated in the backyard. Second, This situation may be caused by the natural factors of palace in Hanyang including location, philosophy and technique of building, and so on. That means 'good location' placed by palace worked favorably not only for human-beings but also for the activities of tigers and leopards. Third, In addition to the locational environment, forest policies on the palace and capital may facilitate the emergences of leopards and tigers. With the managements of pine trees, prohibition of burials, prohibition of climbing, prohibition of mountain entrance, and so on, forests were developed in the mountainous territories, which might play a role of shelters or passages for the tigers and leopards. Fourth, It was confirmed that countermeasures on the emergences of tigers in the palace as well as the capital city were different by the kings. Out of these, Jeong-jo was highlighted to seek the realistic countermeasures with actual understanding on the emergences of tigers and leopards. Fifth, In summary, frequent emergences of tigers and leopards in the palace and capital city could be a practical evidence to show 'pro-naturalism' or 'eco-friendliness' of the palace in Joseon which was mentioned superficially, paradoxically speaking. Further studies with the related disciplines are required on the cultural or ecological history of the palace. In addition, it is considered to conduct more detailed scientific studies related to the trend of ecological changes in Joseon.

본 연구의 목적은 조선시대 한양 궁궐에 범과 표범 출몰에 대해 환경사적 관점에서의 고찰을 통해 궁궐 실체의 한 단면을 규명하는 것이다. 이를 위해 "실록" 등 사서에 실린 범과 표범 출몰 기록을 토대로 환경사의 세 가지 관심 즉, '환경', '환경에 미친 인간의 영향', '환경에 대한 인간의 의식과 태도'를 주제로 고찰하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 조선시대에 궁궐은 물론 한양 도성 내외에도 수시로 범과 표범이 출몰했음을 확인할 수 있었다. 심지어는 후원에서 호랑이가 먹이 활동을 하거나 번식도 했으며 사람을 해치기도 했다. 둘째, 이러한 상황은 한양 궁궐의 우수한 입지 특성, 조영철학과 기법 등 태생적 요인에 기인한다고 볼 수 있다. 궁궐이 입지한 '좋은 터'는 인간에게만 유용했던 것이 아니라 범과 표범의 활동에도 유리하게 작용했음을 알 수 있었다. 셋째, 우수한 입지 환경에 더해 궁궐과 도성 주변에 대한 산림 정책은 범과 표범의 출몰을 촉진했을 수도 있다. 즉 금송과 금장, 금산, 봉산 등의 관리 정책은 산과 산이 이어진 지형에 숲을 우거지게 했고 이는 범과 표범의 은신처이자 이동 통로의 역할을 한 것으로 판단된다. 넷째, 궁궐을 비롯해 한양 도성 내외에 범이 출몰하는 것에 대한 대처 방식은 역대 왕마다 조금씩 차이가 있었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이중에서 특히 정조는 궁궐에 출몰하는 범과 표범에 대한 실제적인 현상 파악과 현실적인 대처 방법을 강구했다는 점이 두드러진다. 다섯째, 이들을 종합해볼 때, 궁궐과 도성에 범과 표범의 빈번한 출몰은 역설적이지만, 피상적으로 언급되어온 조선 궁궐의 '친자연성' 혹은 '친환경성'을 보여주는 실증적 증거의 하나로 볼 수도 있다. 추후 연구 과제로 궁궐의 문화사와 생태사 등의 관련 학제간 연구도 필요할 것이다. 또 조선시대의 생태 변화 추이와 관련된 보다 과학적이고 심화된 후속 연구도 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

Keywords

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