홍삼가수분해농축액(GS-E3D)의 피부 안전성 평가

Skin Safety Evaluation of Pectin Lyase-modified Red Ginseng Extract (GS-E3D)

  • 투고 : 2018.08.06
  • 심사 : 2018.09.12
  • 발행 : 2018.09.30

초록

Pectin lyase-modified red ginseng extract (GS-E3D) is a newly developed ginsenoside Rd-enriched ginseng extract. This study was designed to investigate the skin safety of GS-E3D. Single oral toxicity, single dermal toxicity, bovine corneal opacity and permeability (BCOP) assay, skin irritation test with $SkinEthic^{TM}$ human epidermis model, skin sensitization local lymph node assay, and human patch test, were examined. The oral and dermal $LD_{50}$ value of GS-E3D was over 2,000 mg/kg in rats. GS-E3D was identified as a non-irritant to skin in BCOP assay, human epidermis models, and patch test from the 32 human subjects. The skin sensitization potential of GS-E3D was less than 25% in local lymph node assay. These results indicate that GS-E3D can be used as a safe ingredient without adverse effects in various skin care products.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Im, K., Kim, J. and Min, H. (2016) Ginseng, the natural effectual antiviral: Protective effects of Korean red ginseng against viral infection. J. Ginseng Res. 40: 309-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2015.09.002
  2. Lee, N., Lee, S. H., Yoo, H. R. and Yoo, H. S. (2016) Antifatigue effects of enzyme-modified ginseng extract: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J. Altern. Complement Med. 22: 859-864. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2016.0057
  3. Hong, M., Lee, Y. H., Kim, S., Suk, K. T., Bang, C. S., Yoon, J. H., Baik, G. H., Kim, D. J. and Kim, M. J. (2016) Anti-inflammatory and antifatigue effect of Korean red ginseng in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J. Ginseng Res. 40: 203-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2015.07.006
  4. Yuan, H. D., Kim, J. T., Kim, S. H. and Chung, S. H. (2012) Ginseng and diabetes: the evidences from in vitro, animal and human studies. J. Ginseng Res. 36: 27-39. https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2012.36.1.27
  5. Lee, H. Y., Park, K. H., Park, Y. M., Moon, D. I., Oh, H. G., Kwon, D. Y., Yang, H. J., Kim, O., Kim, D. W., Yoo, J. H., Hong, S. C., Lee, K. H., Seol, S. Y., Park, Y. S., Park, J. D. and Pyo, M. K. (2014) Effects of pectin lyase-modified red ginseng extracts in high-fat diet-fed obese mice. Lab. Anim. Res. 30: 151-160. https://doi.org/10.5625/lar.2014.30.4.151
  6. Choi, J. G., Kim, N., Huh, E., Lee, H., Oh, M. H., Park, J. D., Pyo, M. K. and Oh, M. S. (2017) White ginseng protects mouse hippocampal cells against amyloid-beta oligomer toxicity. Phytother. Res. 31: 497-506. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5776
  7. Lee, S. E., Lee, S. U., Bang, J. K., Yu, Y. J. and Seong, R. S. (2004) Antioxidant activities of leaf, stem and root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Korean J. Med. Corp. Sci. 21: 184-190.
  8. Jimenez-Perez, Z. E., Singh, P., Kim, Y. J., Mathiyalagan, R., Kim, D. H., Lee, M. H. and Yang, D. C. (2018) Applications of Panaxginseng leaves-mediated gold nanoparticles in cosmetics relation to antioxidant, moisture retention, and whitening effect on B16BL6 cells. J. Ginseng Res. 42: 327-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2017.04.003
  9. Pham, Q. L., Jang, H. J. and Kim, K. B. (2017) Anti-wrinkle effect of fermented black ginseng on human fibroblasts. Int. J. Mol. Med. 39: 681-686. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.2858
  10. Lu. J.M., Yao, Q. and Chen, C. (2009) Ginseng compounds: an update on their molecular mechanisms and medical applications. Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol. 7: 293-302. https://doi.org/10.2174/157016109788340767
  11. Seol, S. Y., Kim, B. R. Hong,.S. C., Yoo, J. H., Lee, K. H., Lee, H. J., Park, J. D. and Pyo, M. K. (2014) The effective preparation of protopanaxadiol saponin enriched fraction from ginseng using the ultrafiltration. Nat. Prod. Sci. 20: 58-64.
  12. Feng, L., Xu C., Li, Z., Li, J., Dai, Y., Han, H., Yu, S. and Liu, S. (2016) Microbial conversion of ginsenoside Rd from Rb1 by the fungus mutant Aspergillus niger strain TH-10a. Prep. Biochem. Biotechnol. 46: 336-341. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826068.2015.1031391
  13. Zeng, X., Li, J. and Li Z. (2015) Ginsenoside Rd mitigates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med. 15: 14497-14504.
  14. Zhang, Y. X., Wang, L., Xiao, E. L., Li, S. J., Chen, J. J., Gao, B., Min, G. N., Wang, Z. P. and Wu, Y. J. (2013) Ginsenoside-Rd exhibits anti-inflammatory activities through elevation of antioxidant enzyme activities and inhibition of JNK and ERK activation in vivo. Int. Immunopharmacol. 17: 1094-1100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2013.10.013
  15. Li, Z., Li, J. J., Gu, L. J., Zhang, D. L., Wang, Y. B. and Sung C. K. (2013) Ginsenosides Rb? and Rd regulate proliferation of mature keratinocytes through induction of p63 expression in hair follicles. Phytother. Res. 27: 1095-1101. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.4828
  16. Hong, S. C., Oh, M. H., Lee, H., Park, Y. S., Kim, N. Y., Park, S. H., Park, J. D., Jang, J. D., Kim, S. H., Kim, E. J. and Pyo, M. K. (2015) Pectinase-modified red ginseng (GS-E3D) inhibit NF-${\kappa}B$ translocation and nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 7: 322-326.
  17. Pyo, M. K., Hong, S. C., Jung, J. T., Jo, Y. H. and Lee, K. M. (2017), Anti-oxidant and hair-growth-promoting effect of pectin lyase- modified red ginseng extract (GS-E3D). Kor. J. Pharmacogn. 48: 195-201.
  18. Furukawa, M., Sakakibara, T., Itoh, K., Kawamura, K., Matsuura, M. and Kojima, H. (2017) Suggestion of the updated IVIS cut-off values for identifying non-ocular irritants in the bovine corneal opacity and permeability (BCOP) assay. Toxicol. In Vitro 45: 19-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2017.07.026
  19. Son, J. S. and Seo, Y. R. (2012) Review of Alternative Methods for the Safety Assessment of Cosmetic Ingredients: In Terms of Skin Irritation, Sensitization and Phototoxicity. Cancer Prev. Res. 17: 270-279.
  20. Netzlaff, F., Lehr, C. M., Wertz, P. W. and Schaefer, U. F. (2005) The humanepidermis models EpiSkin, SkinEthic and EpiDerm: an evaluation of morphology and their suitability for testing phototoxicity, irritancy, corrosivity, and substance transport. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 60: 167-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2005.03.004
  21. Roguet, R., Cohen, C., Robles, C., Courtellemont, P., Tolle, M., Guillot, J. P. and Pouradier, D. X. (1998) An interlaboratory study of the reproducibility and relevance of Episkin, a reconstructed human epidermis, in the assessment of cosmetics irritancy. Toxicol. In Vitro 12: 295-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-2333(97)00108-2
  22. Avancini, J. and Zucchi, P. (2018) Prevalence of dermatoses in patients referred for evaluation in an outpatient clinic of specialties. An Bras. Dermatol. 93: 513-516. https://doi.org/10.1590/abd1806-4841.20186640
  23. Haneke, K. E., Tice, R. R., Carson, B. L., Margolin, B. H. and Stokes, W. S. (2001) ICCVAM evaluation of the murine local lymph node assay. Data analyses completed by the National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 34: 274-286. https://doi.org/10.1006/rtph.2001.1498
  24. Lee, J. C., Sun, H. J. and Lee, H. Y. (2015) Biohazard surveillance of allergic contact dermatitis in genetically-modified Zoysia grasses using patch testing. Allergy Asthma Respir. Dis. 3: 134-138. https://doi.org/10.4168/aard.2015.3.2.134
  25. Bergmann, M. M., Caubet, J. C., Boguniewicz, M. and Eigenmann, P. A. (2013) Evaluation of food allergy in patients with atopic dermatitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract. 1: 22-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2012.11.005