DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Bacterial Infections after Liver Transplantation in Children: Single Center Study for 16 Years

16년간 단일기관에서 시행된 소아 간이식 후 세균 감염 합병증의 특징

  • Kim, Jae Choon (Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Hospital) ;
  • Kim, Su Ji (Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Hospital) ;
  • Yun, Ki Wook (Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Hospital) ;
  • Choi, Eun Hwa (Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Hospital) ;
  • Yi, Nam Joon (Department of General Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital) ;
  • Suh, Kyung Suk (Department of General Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital) ;
  • Lee, Kwang-Woong (Department of General Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital) ;
  • Lee, Hoan Jong (Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Hospital)
  • 김재춘 (서울대학교 어린이병원 소아청소년과) ;
  • 김수지 (서울대학교 어린이병원 소아청소년과) ;
  • 윤기욱 (서울대학교 어린이병원 소아청소년과) ;
  • 최은화 (서울대학교 어린이병원 소아청소년과) ;
  • 이남준 (서울대학교병원 외과) ;
  • 서경석 (서울대학교병원 외과) ;
  • 이광웅 (서울대학교병원 외과) ;
  • 이환종 (서울대학교 어린이병원 소아청소년과)
  • Received : 2017.09.29
  • Accepted : 2017.10.30
  • Published : 2018.08.25

Abstract

Purpose: Survival after liver transplantation (LT) has improved over the years, but infection is still a major complication. We aimed to identify the characteristics of bacterial infections in pediatric LT recipients. Methods: This study is a retrospective review of 189 consecutive children undergoing LT between 2000 and 2015 at a single center. In this study, the incidence of infection was determined for the following periods: within 1 month, between 1-5 months, and between 6-12 months. Patients who underwent liver transplants more than once or multiple organ transplants were excluded. Results: All patients had received postoperative antibiotic for 3 days. Only the maintenance immunosuppression with oral tacrolimus and steroids were performed. As a result, 132 bacterial infections developed in 87 (46.0%) patients (0.70 events per person-year). Bacterial infections occurred most frequently within the first month (n=84, 63.6%) after LT. In the pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus (15.2%), Enterococcus species (15.2%), and Klebsiella species (13.6%) were most common. Regarding the organ infected, bloodstream was most common (n=39, 29.5%), followed by peritoneum (n=28, 21.2%), urinary tract (n=25, 18.9%), and lungs (n=20, 15.2%). We changed prophylactic antibiotics from ampicillin-sulbactam to piperacillin-tazobactam at 2011, October, there were no significant effects in the prevalence of antibiotics resistant bacterial infections. The 1-year mortality was 9.0% (n=17), in which 41.2% (n=7) was attributable to bacterial infection; septicemia (n=4), pneumonia (n=2), and peritonitis (n=1). Conclusions: The incidence and type of bacterial infectious complications after LT in pediatric patients were similar to those of previous studies. Bacterial complications affecting mortality occur within 6 months after transplantation, so proper prophylaxis and treatment in this period may improve the prognosis of LT.

목적: 16년간단일기관에서시행된간이식후소아에서발생한세균감염합병증의빈도와특징을분석하기위해시행되었다. 방법: 2000년 1월부터 2015년 6월까지 서울대학교병원에서 간이식을 시행 받은 207명 소아 중 다장기 이식이나 2번 이상의 간이식을 시행 받은 18명을 제외한 189명이 연구에 포함되었다. 감염 증상과 더불어 병원체가 증명된 세균 감염 만을 대상으로 하여 감염성 질환의 종류 및 발생 시기 등을 조사하였다. 결과: 189명의 간이식 소아의 중간연령은 24개월(2개월-16세)이었으며, 수술 후 1년 간 추적 관찰 하였다. 총 87명(46.0%)에서 132건(0.7건/명)의 세균 감염이 발생하였다. 균혈증(n=39, 29.5%), 복막염(n=28, 21.2%), 요로감염(n=25, 18.9%), 폐렴(n=20,15.2%)의 순이었다. 그람양성균이 66건(50%), 그람음성균이 66건(50%)에서 확인되었다. 세균 감염은 이식 후 1개월 이내에 84건(63.6%), 1-6개월에 32건(24.2%), 6개월 이후에 16건(12.1%)으로 이식 초기에 유의하게 많았다(P<0.05). 가장 흔한 그람양성균은 Staphylococcus aureus (n=20, 15.2%) 와 Enterococcus species (n=20, 15.2%) 였으며, 그람음성균은 Klebsiella species (n=18, 13.6%), Enterobacter species (n=13, 9.8%), Escherichia coli (n=11, 8.3%) 순으로 많았다. 이 중 7명(41%)이 감염성 합병증으로 사망하였다(균혈증 4명, 복막염 1명, 폐렴 2명). 결론: 지난 16년 간 본 기관에서 소아에게 시행한 간이식 후 발생한 감염성 합병증의 빈도와 종류는 기존의 연구들과 비슷하였다. 간이식 후 소아에서 세균 감염 합병증은 이식 후 1개월 이내에 가장 많이 발생하며, 1개월이 지난 후에도 중증의 세균 감염으로 인한 사망률이 높아 6개월 전까지는 면밀한 세균 감염 합병증의 진단 및 치료가 필수적이다. 본 연구를 통해 향후 간이식의 예후 향상을 위한 연구의 토대가 될 것을 기대한다.

Keywords

References

  1. Moreno R, Berenguer M. Post-liver transplantation medical complications. Ann Hepatol 2006;5:77-85.
  2. Roberts MS, Angus DC, Bryce CL, Valenta Z, Weissfeld L. Survival after liver transplantation in the United States: a disease-specific analysis of the UNOS database. Liver Transpl 2004;10:886-97. https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.20137
  3. Bucuvalas JC, Ryckman FC. Long-term outcome after liver transplantation in children. Pediatr Transplant 2002;6:30-6. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3046.2002.1r058.x
  4. Colombani PM, Dunn SP, Harmon WE, Magee JC, McDiarmid SV, Spray TL. Pediatric transplantation. Am J Transplant 2003;3 Suppl 4:53-63.
  5. D'Alessandro AM, Knechtle SJ, Chin LT, Fernandez LA, Yagci G, Leverson G, et al. Liver transplantation in pediatric patients: twenty years of experience at the University of Wisconsin. Pediatr Transplant 2007;11:661-70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3046.2007.00737.x
  6. Ryckman FC, Alonso MH, Bucuvalas JC, Balistreri WF. Long-term survival after liver transplantation. J Pediatr Surg 1999;34:845-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3468(99)90385-8
  7. Winston DJ, Emmanouilides C, Busuttil RW. Infections in liver transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21:1077-91. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/21.5.1077
  8. Kim JE, Oh SH, Kim KM, Choi BH, Kim DY, Cho HR, et al. Infections after living donor liver transplantation in children. J Korean Med Sci 2010;25:527-31. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2010.25.4.527
  9. Shoji K, Funaki T, Kasahara M, Sakamoto S, Fukuda A, Vaida F, et al. Risk factors for bloodstream infection after living-donor liver transplantation in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2015;34:1063-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000000811
  10. Kusne S, Dummer JS, Singh N, Iwatsuki S, Makowka L, Esquivel C, et al. Infections after liver transplantation: an analysis of 101 consecutive cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 1988;67:132-43. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005792-198803000-00006
  11. Garner JS, Jarvis WR, Emori TG, Horan TC, Hughes JM. CDC definitions for nosocomial infections, 1988. Am J Infect Control 1988;16:128-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/0196-6553(88)90053-3
  12. Fishman JA. Infection in solid-organ transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 2007;357:2601-14. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra064928
  13. Blair JE, Kusne S. Bacterial, mycobacterial, and protozoal infections after liver transplantation--part I. Liver Transpl 2005;11:1452-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.20624
  14. Shepherd RW, Turmelle Y, Nadler M, Lowell JA, Narkewicz MR, McDiarmid SV, et al. Risk factors for rejection and infection in pediatric liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2008;8:396-403. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2007.02068.x
  15. Garcia S, Roque J, Ruza F, Gonzalez M, Madero R, Alvarado F, et al. Infection and associated risk factors in the immediate postoperative period of pediatric liver transplantation: a study of 176 transplants. Clin Transplant 1998;12:190-7.
  16. Fulginiti VA, Scribner R, Groth CG, Putnam CW, Brettschneider L, Gilbert S, et al. Infections in recipients of liver homografts. N Engl J Med 1968;279:619-26. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM196809192791202
  17. Singh N, Wagener MM, Obman A, Cacciarelli TV, de Vera ME, Gayowski T. Bacteremias in liver transplant recipients: shift toward gram-negative bacteria as predominant pathogens. Liver Transpl 2004;10:844-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.20214
  18. Torbenson M, Wang J, Nichols L, Jain A, Fung J, Nalesnik MA. Causes of death in autopsied liver transplantation patients. Mod Pathol 1998;11:37-46.
  19. Bubak ME, Porayko MK, Krom RA, Wiesner RH. Complications of liver biopsy in liver transplant patients: increased sepsis associated with choledochojejunostomy. Hepatology 1991;14:1063-5. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.1840140619
  20. Kim YJ, Kim SI, Wie SH, Kim YR, Hur JA, Choi JY, et al. Infectious complications in living-donor liver transplant recipients: a 9-year single-center experience. Transpl Infect Dis 2008;10:316-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3062.2008.00315.x