DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Investigation of the Protective Effect of Kefir against Isoproterenol Induced Myocardial Infarction in Rats

  • Mert, Handan (Department of Biochemistry, Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine) ;
  • Yilmaz, Hikmet (Department of Biochemistry, Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine) ;
  • Irak, Kivanc (Department of Biochemistry, Siirt University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine) ;
  • Yildirim, Serkan (Department of Pathology, Ataturk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine) ;
  • Mert, Nihat (Department of Biochemistry, Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine)
  • Received : 2017.12.27
  • Accepted : 2018.01.26
  • Published : 2018.04.30

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the protective effects of kefir against myocardial infarction induced by isoproterenol (ISO). The rats were randomly divided into 4 groups, each group consisting of 8 rats. The control group, the kefir group (5 mL/kg/d kefir administered to rats as intra-gastric gavage for 60 d), the ISO group (100 mg/kg ISO was administered to rats, s.c. on 61. and 62. d), and kefir+ISO group (5 mL/kg/d kefir was administered to rats intra gastric gavage for 60 days prior to ISO, 100 mg/kg in two doses on day 61 and 62). 12 h after the last ISO dose, all rats were decapitated and their blood samples were collected. Cardiac tissue was reserved for histopathological examination. creatine kinase (CK), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), triglycerides, total cholesterol,very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and glucose were measured by autoanalyzer, whole blood malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and plasma advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) levels were measured spectrophotometrically. It was determined that in the group of kefir+ISO, the levels of AST (p<0.001), CK (p<0.001), LDH (p<0.001), MDA (p<0.001) and AOPP (p<0.001) were decreased, while the GSH (p<0.05) increased, compared to ISO group. There were no significant changes in lipid profile and glucose levels between these two groups. In conclusion, by examining cardiac enzymes and histopathological changes in cardiac tissue, it can be concluded that the administration of kefir in myocardial infarction induced by ISO can protect the heart with its antioxidant characteristic and minimize the toxic damage created by ISO.

Keywords

References

  1. Abbas AM. 2016. Cardioprotective effect of resveratrol analogue isorhapontigenin versus omega-3 fatty acids in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats. J Physiol Biochem 72:469-484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13105-016-0494-4
  2. Ahmed SM, Abdelrahman SA, Salama AE. 2017. Efficacy of gold nanoparticles against isoproterenol induced acute myocardial infarction in adult male albino rats. Ultrastruct Pathol 41:168-185. https://doi.org/10.1080/01913123.2017.1281367
  3. Al-Hadi HA, Fox KA. 2009. Cardiac marcers in the early diagnosis and management of patients with acute coronary syndrome. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 9:231-246.
  4. Alam MN, Hossain MM, Rahman MM, Subhan N, Mamun MAA, Ulla A, Reza HM, Alam MA. 2017. Astaxanthin prevented oxidative stress in heart and kidneys of isoproterenol-administered aged rats. J Diet Suppl 15:42-54.
  5. Anderson JW, Gilliland SE. 1999. Effect of fermented milk (yogurt) containing Lactobacillus acidophilus L1 on serum cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic humans. J Am Coll Nutr 18:43-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.1999.10718826
  6. Angelis-Pereira MCD, Barcelos MDFP, Sousa MS, Pereira JDRA. 2013. Effects of the kefir and banana pulp and skin flours on hypercholesterolemic rats. Acta Cir Bras 28:481-486. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-86502013000700001
  7. Beutler E, Duron O, Kefly BM. 1963. Improved method for the determination of blood glutathione. J Lab Clin Med 61:882-888.
  8. Cenesiz S, Devrim AK, Kamber U, Sozmen M. 2008. The effect of kefir on glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels in mice with colonic abnormal crypt formation (ACF) induced by azoxymethane (AOM). Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 115:15-19. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1060361
  9. Delen E, Durmaz R, Oglakci A, Kanbak G, Burukoglu D, Bal C. 2015. Efficacy of kefir on the release of lysosomal proteases after expremintal spinal cord trauma. J Clin Anal Med 6:21-25.
  10. Denke MA, Fox MM, Schulte MC. 1993. Short-term dietary calcium fortification increases fecal saturated fat content and reduces serum lipids in men. J Nutr 123:1047-1053.
  11. Dhalla NS, Dixon IMC, Suzuki S, Kaneko M, Kobayashi A, Beamish RE. 1992. Changes in adrenergic receptors during the development of heart failure. Mol Cell Biochem 114:91-95.
  12. Dhivya V, Priya LB, Chirayil HT, Sathiskumar S, Huang CY, Padma VV. 2017. Piperine modulates isoproterenol induced myocardial ischemia through antioxidant and anti-dyslipidemic effect in male Wistar rats. Biomed Pharmacother 87:705-713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.002
  13. Diaz R, Paolasso EA, Piegas LS, Tajer CD, Moreno MG, Corvalan R, Isea JE, Romero G. 1998. Metabolic modulation of acute myocardial infarction. The ECLA (Estudios Cardiologicos Latinoamerica) Collaborative Group. Circulation 98:2227-2234. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.98.21.2227
  14. Duma RJ, Seigel AL. 1965. Serum creatine phosphokinase in acute myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 115:443-451. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1965.03860160069011
  15. Ejtahed HS, Mohtadi-Nia J, Homayouni-Rad A, Niafar M, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Mofid V. 2012. Probiotic yogurt improves antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic patients. Nutrition 28:539-543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2011.08.013
  16. Esposito K, Nappo F, Marfella R, Giugliano G, Giugliano F, Ciotola M, Quagliaro L, Ceriello A, Giugliano D. 2002. Inflammatory cytokine concentrations are acutely increased by hyperglycemia in humans: Role of oxidative stress. Circulation 106:2067-2072. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000034509.14906.AE
  17. Fahmy HA, Ismail AF. 2015. Gastroprotective effect of kefir on ulcer induced in irradiated rats. J Photochem Photobiol B 144:85-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.02.009
  18. Geng ZH, Huang L, Song MB, Song YM. 2015. Protective effect of a polysaccharide from Salvia miltiorrhiza on isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial injury in rats. Carbohydr Polym 132:638-642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.06.086
  19. Goncu E. 2010. The investigation of the effect of L-arginine on lipid, lipoprotein and malondialdehyde levels in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Trakya University Institute of Health Sciences, Master thesis in Department of Medical Biochemistry, Edirne, Turkey.
  20. Gutteridge JM. 1995. Lipid peroxidation and antioxidants as biomarkers of tissue damage. Clin Chem 41:1819-1828.
  21. Guven A, Guven A, Gulmez M. 2003. The effect of kefir on the activities of GSH-Px, GST, CAT, GSH and LPO levels in carbon tetrachloride-induced mice tissues. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 50:412-416. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0450.2003.00693.x
  22. Hadisaputro S, Djokomoeljanto RR, Judiono Soesatyo MH. 2012. The effects of oral plain kefir supplementation on proinflammatory cytokine properties of the hyperglycemia wistar rats induced by streptozotocin. Acta Med Indones 50:412-416.
  23. Hotel ACP, Cordoba A. 2001. Healt and nutritional properties of probiotics in food including powder milk with live lactic acid bacteria. FAO/WHO, Antergia, pp 1-34.
  24. Huang Y, Wang X, Wang J, Wu F. 2013. Lactobacillus plantarum strains as potential probiotic cultures with cholesterollowering activity. J Dairy Sci 96:2746-2753. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-6123
  25. Imaida K, Fukushima T, Shivai T, Ohtani M, Nakanishi K, Ito N. 1983. Promoting activities of butylated hydroxyanisole and bultylated hydroxytoluene on 2-stage urinary bladder carcinogenesis and inhibition of ${\gamma}$-glutamyl transpeptidase-positive foci development in the liver of rats. Carcinogenesis 4:895-899. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/4.7.895
  26. Jain SK, McVie R, Duett J, Herbst JJ. 1989. Erythrocyte membrane lipid peroxidation and glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetes. Diabetes 38:1539-1543. https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.38.12.1539
  27. Jascolka TL, Aguilar EC, Teixeira LG, Lages PC, Raimundo IC, Beltrao NRM, Matoso RO, Carneiro RP, Nicoli JR, Alvarez-Leite JI. 2013. Kefir supplementation improves lipid profile and oxidative stress but does not reduce atherosclerotic lesion in apoE deficient mice. J Food Nutr Disord 2:3.
  28. Jensen CJ, Eberle HC, Nassenstein K, Schlosser T, Farazandeh M, Naber CK, Sabin GV, Bruder O. 2011. Impact of hyperglycemia at admission in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction as assessed by contrastenhanced MRI. Clin Res Cardiol 100:649-659. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-011-0290-7
  29. Ji H, Friedman MI. 2003. Fasting plasma trigliseride levels and fat oxidation predictdietary obesity in rats. Physiol Behav 78:767-772. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(03)00078-7
  30. Jones ML, Chen H, Ouyang W, Metz T, Prakash S. 2004. Microencapsulated genetically engineered Lactobacillus plantarum 80 (pCBH1) for bile acid deconjugation and its implication in lowering cholesterol. J Biomed Biotechnol 1:61-69.
  31. Karacan H. 2013. A research on AOPP, total AGEs, and Adiponectin, indicators of oxidative stress, becoming early symptoms or not in the diabetic complication diagnosis of prediabetic patients. Gazi Univ., Institute of Health Sciences, Master thesis in Department of Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey.
  32. Kersten JR, Montgomery MW, Ghassemi T, Gross ER, Toller WG, Pagel PS, Warltier DC. 2001. Diabetes and hyperglycemia impair activation of mitochondrial $K_{ATP}$ channels. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 280:1744-1750. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.2001.280.4.H1744
  33. Khalil MI, Ahmmed I, Ahmed R, Tanvir EM, Afroz R, Paul S, Gan SH, Alam N. 2015. Amelioration of isoproterenol-induced oxidative damage in rat myocardium by Withania somnifera leaf extract. Biomed Res Int 624159.
  34. Kilic S, Uysal H, Akbulut N, Kavas G, Kesenkas H. 1999. Chemical, microbiological and sensory changes in ripening kefirs produced from starters and grains. Ege Univ J Agr Fac 36:111-118.
  35. Kim HK, Jeong TS, Lee MK, Park YB, Choi MS. 2003. Lipid-lowering efficacy of hesperetin metabolites in high cholesterol fed rats. Clin Chim Acta 327:129-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-8981(02)00344-3
  36. Koroleva NS. 1988. Technology of kefir and kumys. IDF Bulletin 227:96-100.
  37. Lalitha G, Poornima P, Archanah A, Padma VV. 2013. Protective effect of neferine against isoproterenol-induced cardiac toxicity. Cardiovasc Toxicol 13:168-179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12012-012-9196-5
  38. Lavi S, Kapeliovich M, Gruberg L, Roquin A, Boulos M, Grenadier E, Amikam S, Markiewicz W, Beyar R, Hammerman H. 2008. Hyperglycemia during acute myocardial infarction in patients who are treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention: impact on long-term prognosis. Int J Cardiol 123:117-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.11.222
  39. Li Y, Fang J, Zhou K, Wang C, Mu D, Hua, Y. 2014. Evaluation of oxidative stress in placenta of fetal cardiac dysfunction rat model and antioxidant defenses of maternal vitamin C supplementation with the impacts on P-glycoprotein. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 40:1632-1642. https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.12389
  40. Liu JR, Lin YY, Chen MJ, Chen LJ, Lin CW. 2005b. Antioxidative activities of kefir. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 18:567-573. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2005.567
  41. Liu JR, Wang SY, Chen MJ, Chen HL, Yueh PY, Lin CW. 2006. Hypocholesterolaemic effects of milk-kefir and soyamilkkefir in cholesterol-fed hamsters. Nutr Res Rev 95:939-946.
  42. Liu JR, Chen MJ, Lin CW. 2005a. Antimutagenic and antioxidant properties of milk- kefir and soymilk- kefir. J Agric Food Chem 53:2467-2474. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf048934k
  43. Lobo RO, Shenoy CK. 2015. Myocardial potency of Bio-tea against isoproterenol induced myocardial damage in rats. J Food Sci Technol 52:4491-4498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-014-1492-6
  44. Maeda H, Zhu X, Omura K, Suzuki S, Kitamura S. 2004. Structural characterization and biological activities of an exopolysaccharide kefiran produced by Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens WT-2B(T). J Agric Food Chem 52:5533-5538. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf049617g
  45. Marfella R, Verza M, Coppola L. 2005. Myocardial infarction and hyperglycemia. Am J Cardiol 96:1468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.07.034
  46. Mazloom Z, Yousefinejad A, Dabbaghmanesh MH. 2013. Effect of probiotics on lipid profile, glycemic control, insulin action, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes: A clinical trial. Iran J Med Sci 38:38-43.
  47. Meir S, Kanner J, Akiri B, Philosoph-Hadas S. 1995. Determination and involvement of aqueous reducing compounds in oxidative defense systems of various senescing leaves. J Agric Food Chem 43:1813-1819. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00055a012
  48. Menestrina F, Grisales JO, Castells CB. 2016. Chiral analysis of derivatized amino acids from kefir by gas chromatography. Microchem J 128:267-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2016.05.007
  49. Mnafgui K, Hajji R, Derbali F, Khlif I, Kraiem F, Ellefi H., Elfeki A, Allouche N, Gharsallah N. 2016. Protective effect of hydroxytyrosol against cardiac remodeling after isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rat. Cardiovasc Toxicol 16:147-155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12012-015-9323-1
  50. Najgebauer-Lejko D, Sady M. 2015. Estimation of the antioxidant activity of the commercially available fermented milks. Acta Sci Pol Technol Aliment 14:387-396. https://doi.org/10.17306/J.AFS.2015.4.38
  51. Nalbantoglu U, Cakar A, Dogan H, Abaci N, Ustek D, Sayood K, Can H. 2014. Metagenomic analysis of the microbial community in kefir grains. Food Microbiology 41:42-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2014.01.014
  52. Neri M, Fineschi V, Di Paolo M, Pomara C, Riezzo I, Turillazzi E, Cerretani D. 2015. Cardiac oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines response after myocardial infarction. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 13:26-36. https://doi.org/10.2174/15701611113119990003
  53. Nordin C, Amiruddin R, Rucker L, Choi J, Kohli A, Marantz PR. 2005. Diabetes and stress hyperglycemia associated with myocardial infarctions at an urban municipal hospital: Prevalence and effect on mortality. Cardiol Rev 13:223-230. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.crd.0000137251.77175.6a
  54. Nurliyani, Harmayani E, Sunarti. 2015. Antidiabetic potential of kefir combination from goat milk and soymilk in rats induced with streptozotocin-nicotinamide. Korean J Food Sci An 35:847-858. https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2015.35.6.847
  55. Nwokocha C, Palacios J, Simirgiotis MJ, Thomas J, Nwokocha M, Young L, Thompson R, Cifuentes F, Paredes A, Delgoda R. 2017 Aqueous extract from leaf of Artocarpus altilis provides cardio-protection from isoproterenol induced myocardial damage in rats: Negative chronotropic and inotropic effects. J Ethnopharmacol 203:163-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.03.037
  56. Ojha S, Nandave M, Arora S, Arya, DS. 2010. Effect of isoproterenol on tissue defense enzymes, hemodynamic and left ventricular contractile function in rats. Indian J Clin Biochem 25:357-361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-010-0070-6
  57. Ooi LG, Ahmad R, Yuen KH, Liong MT. 2010. Lactobacillus acidophilus CHO-220 and inulin reduced plasma total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol via alteration of lipid transporters. J Dairy Sci 93:5048-5058. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3311
  58. Ozcan A, Kaya N, Atakisi O, Karapehlivan M, Atakisi E, Cenesiz S. 2009. Effect of kefir on the oxidative stress due to lead in rats. J Appl Anim Res 35:91-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2009.9706992
  59. Pena-Ramos EA, Xiong YL. 2001. Antioxidative activity of whey protein hydrolysates in a liposomal system. J Dairy Sci 84:2577-2583. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74711-X
  60. Pereira DIA, Gibson GR. 2002. Cholesterol assimilation by lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria isolated from the human gut. App Environ Microbiol 68:4689-4693. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.68.9.4689-4693.2002
  61. Pintado ME, Lopes Da Silva JA, Fernandes PB, Malcata FX, Hogg TA. 1996. Microbiological and rheological studies on Portuguese kefir grains. Int J Food Sci Technol 31:15-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1996.16-316.x
  62. Prado MR, Blandon LM, Vandenberghe LP, Rodrigues C, Castro GR, Thomaz-Soccol V, Soccol CR. 2015. Milk kefir: Composition, microbial cultures, biological activities, and related products. Front Microbiol 6:1177.
  63. Pryor WA. 1991. The antioxidant nutrients and disease preventions. What do we know and what do we need to find out? Am J Clin Nutr 53:391-393. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/53.1.391S
  64. Rizzi R, Caroli A, Bolla P, Acciaioli A, Pagnacco G. 1988. Vanability of reduced glutathione levels in massese ewes and its effect on daily milk production. J Dairy Res 55:345-353. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029900028600
  65. Senthil S, Sridevi M, Pugalendi KV. 2007. Cardioprotective effect of oleanolic acid on isoproterenol-induced myocardial ischemia in rats. Toxicol Pathol 35:418-423. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926230701230312
  66. Shahat AA, Alsaid MS, Rafatullah S, Al-Sohaibani MO, Parvez MK, Al-Dosari MS, Exarchou V, Pieters, L. 2016. Treatment with Rhus tripartita extract curtails isoproterenol-elicited cardiotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats. BMC Complement Altern Med 16:351. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1318-3
  67. Shiomi T, Tsutsui H, Ikeuchi M, Matsusaka H, Hayashidani S, Suematsu N, Wen J, Kubot T, Takeshita A. 2003. Streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia exacerbates left ventricular remodeling and failure after experimental myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 42:165-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(03)00509-6
  68. Soerensen KV, Thorning TK, Astrup A, Kristensen M, Lorenzen JK. 2014. Effect of dairy calcium from cheese and milk on fecal fat excretion, blood lipids, and appetite in young men. Am J Clin Nutr 99:984-999. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.077735
  69. Sonestedt E, Wirfalt E, Wallstrom P, Gullberg B, Orho-Melander M, Hedblad B. 2011. Dairy products and its association with incidence of cardiovascular disease: The Malmo diet and cancer cohort. Eur J Epidemiol 26:609-618. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-011-9589-y
  70. St-Onge MP, Farnworth ER, Savard T, Chabot D, Mafu A, Jones PJ. 2002. Kefir consumption does not alter plasma lipid levels or cholesterol fractional synthesis rates relative to milk in hyperlipidemic men: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Complement Altern Med 2:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-2-1
  71. Sudha M, Rajkumar D, Felix JW. 2013. Protective effect of glutathione against isoproterenol induced myocardial injury in rat. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 57:132-137.
  72. Tomaro-Duchesneau C, Saha S, Malhotra M, Coussa-Charley M, Al-Salami H, Jones M, Labbe A, Prakash, S. 2012a. Lactobacillus fermentum NCIMB 5221 has a greater ferulic acid production compared to other ferulic acid esterase producing Lactobacilli. Int J Probiotics Prebiotics 7:23-32.
  73. Tomaro-Duchesneau C, Saha S, Malhotra M, Coussa-Charley M, Kahouli I, Jones M, Labbe A, Prakash S. 2012b. Probiotic ferulic acid esterase active Lactobacillus fermentum NCIMB 5221 APA microcapsules for oral delivery: Preparation and in vitro characterization. Pharmaceuticals 5:236-248. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph5020236
  74. Uchida M, Ishii I, Inoue C, Akisato Y, Watanabe K, Hosoyama S, Toida T, Ariyoshi N, Kitada M. 2010. Kefiran reduces atherosclerosis in rabbits fed a high cholesterol diet. J Atheroscler Thromb 17:980-988. https://doi.org/10.5551/jat.4812
  75. Ulla A, Mohamed MK, Sikder B, Rahman AT, Sumi FA, Hossain M, Reza HM, Rahman GMS, Alam MA. 2017. Coenzyme Q10 prevents oxidative stress and fibrosis in isoprenaline induced cardiac remodeling in aged rats. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 18:29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40360-017-0136-7
  76. Williams SB, Goldfine AB, Timimi FK, Ting HH, Roddy MA, Simonson DC, Creager MA. 1998. Acute hyperglycemia attenuates endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans in vivo. Circulation 97:1695-1701. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.97.17.1695
  77. Witko-Sarsat V, Nguyen-Khoa T, Jungers P, Drueke TB. 1999. Advanced oxidation protein products as a novel molecular basis of oxidative stress in uremia. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14:76-78.
  78. Wong PYY, Kitts DD. 2003. Chemistry of buttermilk solid antioxidant activity. J Dairy Sci 86:1541-1547. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73739-4
  79. Xiao JZ, Kondo S, Takahashi N, Miyaji K, Oshida K, Hiramatsu A, Iwatsuki K, Kokubo S, Hosono A. 2003. Effects of milk products fermented by Bifidobacterium longum on blood lipids in rats and healthy adult male volunteers. J Dairy Sci 86:2452-2461. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73839-9
  80. Yener AU, Sehitoglu MH, Ozkan MT, Bekler A, Ekin A, Cokkalender O, Deniz M, Sacar M, Karaca T, Ozcan S, Kurt T. 2015. Effects of kefir on ischemia-reperfusion injury. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 19:887-896.

Cited by

  1. The Effect of Probiotic Yogurt on Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes or Obesity: A Meta-Analysis of Nine Randomized Controlled Trials vol.11, pp.3, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030671
  2. Protective effect of omeprazole and lansoprazole on β-receptor stimulated myocardial infarction in Wistar rats vol.456, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-019-03494-y
  3. Bioactive Compounds from Kefir and Their Potential Benefits on Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis vol.2021, pp.None, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9081738
  4. Kefir improves blood parameters and reduces cardiovascular risks in patients with metabolic syndrome vol.16, pp.None, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phanu.2021.100266
  5. Origanum majorana L. Extract Protects Against Isoproterenol-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Rats vol.21, pp.7, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12012-021-09645-2