References
- Frank G. Noppel "Contrail And Cirrus Cloud Avoidance Technology", PHD Thesis, Cranfield University, Oct 2007.
- F. Noppel and R. Singh, "Overview on Contrail and Cirrus Cloud Avoidance Technology", Journal of Aircraft, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 1721-1726, Oct 2007. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.28655
- U. Schumann, "On Condition for Contrail Formation from Aircraft Exhausts", Meteorologische Zeitschrift, vol. 5, pp. 4-23, Feb 1996.
- Eric J. Jensen, Owen B. Toon, Stefan Kinne, Glen W. Sachse, Bruce E. Anderson, K. Roland Chan, Cynthia H. Twohy, Bruce Gandrud, Andrew Heymsfield, and Richard C. Miake-Lye, "Environmental condition required for contrail formation and persistence", Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 103, no. D4, pp. 3929-3936, Feb 1998. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD02808
- Anne M. Thompson, Randall R. Friedl, Howard L. Wesoky, "Atmospheric Effects of Aviation: First Report of the Subsonic", NASA, May 1996.
- Ulrich Schumann, Reinhold Busen, and Martin Plohr, "Experimental Test of the Influence of Propulsion Efficiency on Contrail Formation", Journal of Aircraft, vol. 37, no. 6, Dec 2000.
- Eric J. Jensen, Owen B. Toon, Stefan Kinne, Glen W. Sachse, Bruce E. Anderson, K. Roland Chan, Cynthia H. Twohy, Bruce Gandrud, Andrew Heymsfield, and Richard C. Miake-Lye, "Environmental Conditions Required for Contrail Formation and Persistence", Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 103, no. D4, pp. 3929-3936, Feb 1998. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD02808
- Peter Spichtinger, Klaus Gierens, Ulrich Leiterer, and Horst Dier, "Ice Supersaturation in the Tropopause Region Over Lindenberg, Germany", Meteorologische Zeitschrift, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 143-156, Jun 2003. https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2003/0012-0143
- Fredrik Haglind, "Potential of lowering the contrail formation of aircraft exhausts by engine re-design", Swedish Defence Research Agency, Dec 2007.
- Mark L. Schrader, "Calculations of Aircraft Contrail Formation Critical Temperatures", Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol. 36, no. 12, pp. 1725-1729, Dec 1997. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1997)036<1725:COACFC>2.0.CO;2
- O. B. Popovicheva, N. M. Persiantseva, E. E. Lukhovitskaya, N. K. Shonija, N. A. Zubareva, B. Demirdjian, D. Ferry, and J. Suzanne, "Aircraft Engine Soot As Contrail Nuclei", Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 31, Jun 2004.
- Carine Alcala-Jornod, Hubert van den Bergh, and Michel J. Rossi, "Can Soot Particles Emitted by Airplane Exhaust Contribute to the Formation of Aviation Contrails and Cirrus Clouds?", Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 29, no. 17, pp. 1-1, 1-4, sept 2002. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL014115
- Christine Fichter, Susanne Marquart, Robert Sausen, and David S. Lee, "The Impact of Cruise Altitude on Contrails and Related Radiative Forcing", Meteorologische Zeitschrift, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 563-572, Sept 2005. https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2005/0048
- H. Mannstein, K. Gierens, and P. Spichtinger, "How to Avoid Contrail Cirrus", 1st CEAS European Air and Space Conference, Sept 2007.
- A. Petzold, M. Gysel, X. Vancassel, R. Hitzenberger, H. Puxbaum, S. Vrochticky, E. Weingartner, U. Baltensperger, and P. Mirabel, "On the effects of hydrocarbon and sulphur-containing compounds on the ccn activation of combustion particles" Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss, vol. 5 pp. 2599-2642, Dec 2005. https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-5-2599-2005
- Alan Epstein and Richard C. Miake-Lye, "Ultra-Low Sulfur Fuel and Method for Reduced Contrail Formation", U. S. Patent 20100122519 A1, May 2010.
- Linda Strom and Klaus Gierens, "First Simulation of Cryoplane Contrails", Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 107, no. D18, pp. AAC 2-1-AAC 2-13, Sept 2002.
- M. Schirmer, "Hiding Condensation Trails from High Altitude Aircraft", U. S. Patent 3289409 A, Dec 1966.
- Charles E. Anderson, Seymour J. Birstein, and Bernald A. Silverman, "Method and apparatus for suppressing contrails", U. S. Patent 3517505, Jun 1970.
- Surjit Singh, "Method of Suppressing Formation of Contrails and Solution Therefor", U. S. Patent 5005355 A, Apr 1991.
- Inge Konig-Lumer, Ulrich Schwenk, Rene Salvador, and Josef Kapfinger, "Agent for De-Icing and Protecting Agianst Icing-Up", U. S. Patent 4358389, Nov 1982.