Journal of Labour Economics (노동경제논집)

The Korean Labor Economic Association (한국노동경제학회)
권호 표지

The Effects of Early Childhood Childcare and Education on Female, Maternal, and Male Employment: Evidence from an unbalanced panel data of 29 OECD countries

OECD 29개국 2000-2013년 데이터를 이용한 영유아교육보육 지원의 여성, 모성, 남성 고용률에 대한 효과 분석

  • Lee, Young (Hanyang University, Department of Economics and Finance) ;
  • Cha, Byungsub (National Assembly Budget Office, Estimates & Tax Coordination Division)
  • 이영 (한양대학교 경제금융대학) ;
  • 차병섭 (국회예산정책처 추계세제분석실 추계세제총괄과)
  • Received : 2018.01.10
  • Accepted : 2018.03.19
  • Published : 2018.03.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The paper investigates the determinants of female, maternal, and male employment in a comparable setting using an unbalanced panel data of 29 OECD countries from 2000-2013. Our empirical results show that early childhood childcare and education (ECEC) is positively associated with female employment. Furthermore, we find that ECEC does not hurt male employment. We also find that tax rates on the second earner are negatively associated with male employment as well as female employment. The estimated coefficients of ECEC, social expenditure, tax rates, and tertiary education attainment rates in maternal employment regressions are much larger in the absolute value than those in female employment regressions. Policy implications of our analysis are that an expansion of ECEC, a lower tax on secondary earner, and education are key to promote the total employment as well as female employment.

본 논문은 2000-2013년의 OECD 29개국 데이터를 이용하여, 여성, 모성, 남성, 전체 고용률의 결정요인들을 실증 분석하였다. 영유아교육보육 지원이 여성 고용률과 양의 상관관계를 가지고 있음을 발견하였고, 영유아교육보육 지원이 남성 고용률에는 부정적인 효과를 가지지는 않는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 부소득자에 대한 한계세율이 높아질수록 여성뿐 아니라 남성의 고용률이 낮아지는 것으로 나타났다. 여성 전체를 대상으로 계산된 고용률에 비하여 어린 자녀를 둔 여성의 고용률이 보다 민감하게 정책 및 여건 변수들에 반응하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 분석 결과는 현금성 가족지원보다는 영유아교육보육 지원을 확대해 나가는 것이 바람직함을 의미한다.

Keywords

References

  1. 김종숙 마경희 권소영 윤자영 안주희. 정부정책의 여성 고용영향과 분야별 개선 과제. 한국여성정책연구소 연구보고서 16 (2015. 12.): 1-169.
  2. 변금선.허용창 보육료 지원 확대가 여성의 생활시간 배분에 미치는 영향. 한국사회복지학 Korean Journal of Social Welfare 66 (2) (2014. 5): 101-125.
  3. 윤희숙. 김인경. 권형준. 보육유아교육 지원에 관한 9가지 사실과 그 정책적 함의. KDI 포커스 통권 제34호 (2013. 8): 1-8.
  4. 이동선. 일가족 양립지원 정책이 여성 고용률에 미치는 영향 OECD 16개국 대상. 이화여자대학교 박사학위 논문 (2013. 1).
  5. 차병섭. 이영. 사회복지 구성의 고용과 경제성장 효과에 대한 실증분석. 경제학연구 63 (4) (2015. 12): 81-119.
  6. Becker, G. S. "A Theory of the Allocation of Time." The Economic Journal 75(299)(september 1965): 493-517. https://doi.org/10.2307/2228949
  7. Berlinski, S., Galiani, S., and Mc Ewan, P. J. "Preschool and Maternal Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from a regression discontinuity design." Economic Development and Cultural Change 59 (2) (january 2011): 313-344. https://doi.org/10.1086/657124
  8. Bertola, G., Blau, F. D., and Kahn, L. M. "Labor Market Institutions and Demographic Employment Patterns." Journal of Population Economics 20 (4) (march 2007): 833-867. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-007-0137-8
  9. Christiansen, L., Lin, H., Pereira, J., Topalova, P. B., and Turk, R. "Individual Choice or Policies? Drivers of Female Employment in Europe." IMF Working Paper WP/16/49 (march 2016): 1-44.
  10. Carrasco, R. "Binary Choice With Binary Endogenous Regressors in Panel Data: Estimating the Effect of Fertility in Female Labor Participation." Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 19 (4) (october 2001): 385-394. https://doi.org/10.1198/07350010152596637
  11. Eggebeen, D. J. "Determinants of Maternal Employment for White Preschool Children: 1960-1980." Journal of Marriage and Family 50 (1) (febrary 1988): 149-159. https://doi.org/10.2307/352435
  12. England, P., Gornick, J., and Shafer, E. F. "Women's Employment, Education, and the Gender Gap in 17 countries." Monthly Lab. Rev. 135 (4) (april 2012): 3-12.
  13. Heath, Rachel and Seema Jayachandran. "The Causes and Consequences of Increased Female Education and Labor Force Participation in Developing Countries." Prepared for Inclusion in the Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy, Edited by Susan L. Averett, Laura M. Argys, and Saul D. Hoffman (august 2017): 1-28
  14. Jaumotte, F. "Female Labour Force Participation: Past trends and main determinants in OECD countries" OECD Economics Department Working Papers No. 376 (december 2003): 1-64.
  15. Mahringer, H., and Zulehner, C. "Child-Care Costs and Mothers' Employment Rates. An Empirical Analysis for Austria." Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO), WIFO Working Papers No. 429 (june 2012): 1-48.
  16. Michaud, Pierre-Carl and Konstantinos Tatsiramos. "Fertility and Female Employment Dynamics in Europe: The Effect of Using Alternative Econometric Modeling Assumptions" IZA Discussion Paper Series No. 3853 (november 2008): 1-36.
  17. Munch, Claudia, Sweder van Wijnbergen and Arjan Lejour. "Education and Labor Market Activity of Women: An Age-Group Specific Empirical Analysis." Network for Studies on Pensions, Aging and Retirement Discussion Paper 11/2009-050 (november 2009): 1-32.
  18. Neumark, David and Andrew Postlewaite. "Relative Income Concerns and the Rise in Married Women's Employment." Journal of Public Economics 70 (1) (october 1998): 157-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(98)00065-6
  19. Tekin, E. "Childcare Subsidies, Wages, and Employment of Single Mothers." Journal of Human Resources 42 (2) (spring 2007): 453-487.
  20. Thevenon, O. "Drivers of Female Labour Force Participation in the OECD." OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers No. 145 (may 2013): 1-57.