The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration (수산경영론집)

The Korean Society of Fisheries Business Administration (한국수산경영학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A Study on the Evaluation of Critical Factors for Sustainable Whale Tourism

지속가능한 고래관광을 위한 중요요인 평가에 관한 연구

  • Kim, Su-Yeon (Department of Marine & Fisheries Business and Economics, Pukyong National University)
  • 김수연 (부경대학교 해양수산경영학과)
  • Received : 2017.08.07
  • Accepted : 2018.03.28
  • Published : 2018.03.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

During the Joseon period, the East Sea would be called 'Gyeonghae' due to a large number of whales. In the Republic of Korea, whaling was locally permitted in 1946. However, the number drastically dropped because the hunting of the marine mammal had already been carried out in Russia, the U.S. and Japan since 1800s. Before a moratorium on commercial whaling was introduced by the International Whaling Commission(IWC) in 1986, whale populations in the East Sea had plunged. Furthermore, Korean gray whales and fin whales weren't found anymore in that area. With the suspension, whale hunting was banned in Korea as well. Even so, accidentally caught whales have been allowed to be distributed on the market with respect for local food culture. With the establishment of Whale Museum and hosting of the 57th Annual Meeting of the International Whaling Commission(IWC) at Jangsaengpo in 2005, whale tourism was facilitated in earnest. This whale tourism has been operated by Nam-gu Office and Nam-gu City Management Corporation in Ulsan. However, the popularity of whale tourism has increased a demand for whale meat. At the same time, there has been concern over decrease in whale populations because of illegal whaling. In addition, a conflict between the use and protection of whales has caused confusion in tourism identity. Actually, there is a serious doubt on the sustainability of whale tourism due to the decade-long deficit and excessive investments. This study attempts to define a concept of whale tourism and propose a future direction for the sustainable growth and development of Korea's whale tourism industry after developing such comprehensive assessment indicators as a basic research for the introduction of sustainable whale tourism. To achieve the aim of this study, AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) was chosen as a main research tool and the factors were ranked by a comprehensive analysis of principal factors and detail factors. The current study showed the following results. First, ecological environment(0.430) was indicated the most important factor of whale tourism assessment indicators. Moreover, Population(0.1302), Action for Cetacean protection(0.1031), Governance(0.0898) were critical factors. On the other hand, Accommodations(0.0085), Whale meat(0.0088) were unimportant factors than others.

Keywords

References

  1. 고민규 (2010), "고래관광 도입가능성에 관한 탐색적 연구 - 고래자원과 고래관광의 관계를 중심으로-", 수산경영론집, 41(1), 93-112.
  2. 국립수산과학원 고래연구소 (2014), "지속가능한 고래산업 발전방안 연구", 울산광역시 남구 고래정책과.
  3. 김대관 (2001), 지속가능한 관광개발 지표 연구, 서울: 한국관광연구원.
  4. 김대관 . 박양우 . 이상민 (2007), "AHP를 활용한 관광자원개발사업 평가 - 계획단계 사업을 중심으로", 관광연구저널, 21(4), 5-18.
  5. 김두겸 (2013), "우리나라 고래산업의 현황과 과제 : 울산광역시의 사례를 중심으로", 석사학위논문, 울산대학교.
  6. 김두겸 . 편상훈 (2012), "고래산업의 현황과 과제에 관한 연구 -울산광역시의 사례를 중심으로", 한국정책학회보, 21(4), 229-257.
  7. 김상범 . 박재덕 . 이수범 (2012), "AHP를 이용한 마리나 평가지표 개발에 관한 탐색적 연구 : 국내 마리나 개발대상지를 중심으로", 관광연구저널, 25(5), 197-209
  8. 김성민 . 강미희 (2002), "생태관광-생태적으로 민감한 지역의 개발과 대안적 관리를 위한 가이드 북", 트레블애널리스트, 9-11.
  9. 김혜련 . 송인국 . 변우희 (2011), "울산 생태관광의 환경적 특성이 관광목적지 활성화에 미치는 관계성 연구", 한국관 광학회 학술대회 발표논문집, 745-761.
  10. 박구병 (1995), 한반도연해포경업사, 민족문화, 529-535.
  11. 박진화 (2009), "울산 고래관광의 실태에 관한 연구", 관광연구저널, 33(5), 107-134.
  12. 박철형 . 이상고 (2009), "AHP-군집분석을 이용한 주요어종의 자원감소원인 비교분석에 관한 연구", 수산경영론집, 40(3), 127-146.
  13. 변우희 . 김규영 (2013), "동남권 고래관광개발의 타당성평가와 대응방안", 관광레저연구, 25, 231-249.
  14. 변우희 . 이정열 . 한형주 (2009), "울산지역 고래관광 상품개발에 관한 인식도 평가와 대응", 관광학연구, 33(1), 203-224.
  15. 송인국 (2012), "고래관광 활성화를 위한 관광목적지 환경요인의 영향도 평가와 대응 : 울산지역을 중심으로", 박사학 위논문, 경주대학교.
  16. 여영숙 . 서재원 (2016), "생태관광으로서의 고래관광에 대한 탐색적 연구 : 울산고래축제를 중심으로", 관광연구논총, 28, 79-106.
  17. 연합뉴스, 2017. 01. 14, 첫 삽도 못 뜬 1천 300억짜리 '울산고래등대' 볼 수 있을까'.
  18. 오경택 (2008), "포경 (捕鯨) 에서 관경 (觀鯨) 으로 : 성공적 국제 레짐에서 성공적 거버넌스로", 국제지역연구, 12(1), 187-208.
  19. 오정한 (2010), "계층화분석기법(AHP)을 이용한 어촌관광활성화 요인에 관한 연구: 기장군 공수마을을 중심으로", 석사학위논문, 부경대학교.
  20. 이승우 (2013), "울산 고래테마 관광도시 조성과 시사점", 계간 해양수산, 3, 95-109.
  21. 이은정 . 이충기 (2016), "2단계 CVM을 이용한 고래관광의 경제적 가치평가 : 울산 고래관광을 중심으로", 관광연구, 31(4), 111-129.
  22. 이재곤 . 김혜영 (2008), "AHP/ANP 을 적용한 지속가능한 해양관광지개발 결정요인 연구", 관광연구저널, 22(4), 89-104.
  23. 이재혁 . 이희연 (2012), "지속가능한 생태관광을 위한 평가지표 개발 및 적용에 관한 연구", 대한지리학회지, 47, 853-869.
  24. 장양례 (2012), "지속가능한 에코투어리즘 평가 지표 개발 연구 - 계층적(AHP) 분석방법을 활용한 전문가들을 대상으로", 관광연구, 27(2), 455-475.
  25. 지봉구 . 이계희 (2016), "지방자치시대 관광정책 평가지표 개발", 관광경영연구, 20(3), 269-286.
  26. 최명애 (2016), "고래의 생태관광 콘텐츠화를 위한 탐색적 연구 : 고래관광의 배경, 현황, 생태적 과제를 중심으로", 문화콘텐츠연구, 7-40.
  27. 홍장원 . 장정인 . 윤인주 . 이정아 (2015), 해양레저.관광의 사회 경제적 파급효과와 지표 개발에 관한 연구, 한국해양 수산개발원.
  28. Choi, M. A. (2010). "Whale-watching or whaling-watching? Contradictory perceptions of whale-watching tourism in Jangsaengpo, South Korea," Unpublished master's thesis, King's College, London.
  29. Daly, H. E. (1996), Beyond growth: the economics of sustainable development, Beacon Press.
  30. Hoyt (2001), Whale Watching 2001: Worldwide Tourism Numbers, Expenditures, and Expanding Socioeconomic Benefits, International Fund for Animal Welfare, Yarmouth Port, MA, USA. http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/ bulletin/2017/01/13/0200000000AKR20170113154600057. HTML?from=search.
  31. I.F.A.W. (1995), "Tethys Research, Institute and Europe Conservation, Report of the workshop on the Scientific Aspects of Managing Whale Watching, Scientific Committee, Annual Meeting SC/47/018," International Whaling Commission Montecastello di Vibio, Italy, 40.
  32. IWC (1994), Chairman's report of the forty-fifth annual meeting: Appendix 9. IWC resolution on whale watching, Reports of the IWC 44, 33-34.
  33. Luksenburg, J. A. and Parsons, E. C. M. (2009), "The effects of aircraft on cetaceans: implications for aerial whale watching," In Proceedings of the 61st Meeting of the International Whaling Commission.
  34. Ng, S. L. and Leung, S. (2003), "Behavioral response of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) to vessel traffic," Marine Environmental Research, 56(5), 555-567. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-1136(03)00041-2
  35. O'Connor, S., Campbell, R., Cortez, H. and Knowles, T. (2009), Whale Watching World-wide: Tourism Numbers, Expenditures and Economic Benefits, International und for Animal Welfare, Yarmouth MA.
  36. Parsons, E. C. M., Fortuna, C. M., Ritter, F. and Simmonds, M. P. (2006), "Glossary of whalewatching terms," Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 8(supplement), 249-251.
  37. Saaty, T. L. (1990). "How to make a decision: the analytic hierarchy process," European journal of operational research, 48(1), 9-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(90)90057-I
  38. Stachowitsch, M. (2016). "Whale-watching: Sustainable tourism and ecological management. Marine Ecology," 37(2), 472-473. https://doi.org/10.1111/maec.12278
  39. Wearing, S. L., Cunningham, P. A., Schweinsberg, S. and Jobberns, C. (2014). "Whale watching as ecotourism: How sustainable is it?," Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 38-55. https://doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v6i1.3714
  40. Williams, R., Lusseau, D. and Hammond, P. S. (2009), "The role of social aggregations and protected areas in killer whale conservation: the mixed blessing of critical habitat," Biological Conservation, 142(4), 709-719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.12.004