Figure 1. The effects of pH on the free lysozyme activity depending on time.
Figure 2. The effect of temperature on the free lysozyme activity depending on time.
Figure 3. The effects of pH on the immobilized lysozyme activity.
Figure 4. The effects of temperature on the immobilized lysozyme activity.
Figure 5.The effects of immobilization time on the immobilized lysozyme activity.
Figure 7. The thermal stabilities of immobilized lysozyme.
Figure 6. The effects of lysozyme concentration on the immobilized lysozyme activity.
Figure 8.Storage stabilities of immobilized lysozyme.
Figure 9. Antimicrobial effects of the lysozyme immobilized chitosan non-woven.
Figure 10. Cell viability of the chitosan non-woven.
Figure 11. FT-IR spectrometer of chitosan non-woven.
Figure 12. FE-SEM analysis of the chitosan non-woven.
Table 1. Characteristics of chitosan non-woven
Table 2. Properties of enzyme
References
- S. Guedidi, Y. Yurekli, A. Deratani, P. Dejardin, C. Innocent, S. A. Altinkaya, S. Roudesli, and A. Yemenicioglu, Effect of Enzyme Location on Activity and Stability of Trypsin and Urease Immobilized on Porous Membranes by using Layer-by-layer Self-assembly of Polyelectrolytes, J. of Membrane Science, 365, 59(2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2010.08.042
- R. Wu, B. H. He, G. L. Zhao, L. Y. Qian, and X. F. Li, Immobilization of Pectinase on Oxidized Pulp Fiber and its Application in Whitewater Treatment, Carbohydrate Polymers, 97, 523(2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.05.019
- R. O. Cristovao, S. C. Silverio, A. P. Tavares, A. I. Briqida, J. M. Loureiro, R. A. Boaventura, E. A. Macedo, and M. A. Coelho, Green Coconut Fiber: a Novel Carrier for the Immobilization of Commercial Laccase by Covalent Attachment for Textile Dyes Decolorization, World J. of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 28, 2827(2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-012-1092-4
-
C. Guerrero, C. Vera, and A. Illanes, Optimisation of Synthesis of Oligosaccharides Derived from Lactulose (fructosyl-galacto-oligosaccharides) with
${\beta}$ -Galactosidases of Different Origin, Food Chemistry, 138, 2225(2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.10.128 - S. Kwon, W. R. Ryu, and M. H. Cho, Continuous Degradation of Azo Dye by Immobilized Laccase, Korean J. of Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, 17, 189 (2002).
- N. K. Pazarlioglu, M. Sariisik, and A. Telefoncu, Treating Denim Fabrics with Immobilized Commercial Cellulases, Process Biochemistry, 40, 767(2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2004.02.003
-
M. Soleimani, A. Khani, and K. Najafzadeh,
${\alpha}$ -Amylase Immobilization on the Silica Nanoparticles for Cleaning Performance towards Starch Soils in Laundry Detergents, J. of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, 74, 1(2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcatb.2011.07.011 - Q. Wang, X. Fan, Y. Hu, J. Yua, L. Cui, and P. Wang, Antibacterial Functionalization of Wool Gabric via Immobilizing Lysozymes, Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, 32, 633(2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-008-0286-5
- A. C. Paulo andG. M. Guebitz, "Textile Processingwith Enzymes", CRC Press, Cambridge, pp.19-24, 2003.
- D. H. Joung, "Introduction of Enzymology", Daekwang, Seoul, pp.91-130, 2008.
- H. R. Kim and H. Y. Seo, Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Polyamide Fabric by using Acylase, Textile Research J., 83, 1181(2013). https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517512471747
-
J. Chang, I. H. Park, Y. S. Lee, S. Y. Chung, S. J. Fang, M. S. Chandra, and Y. L. Choi, Immobilization of
${\beta}$ - Glucosidase from Exiguobacterium sp. DAU5 on ChitosanBead for Improved Enzymatic Properties, J. of Life Science, 20, 1589(2010). https://doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2010.20.11.1589 - A. Mandrich, C. M. A. Galvao, C. D. F. Jesus, R. C. Giordano, and R. L. C. Giordano, Immobilization of Trypsin on Chitosan Gels: Use of Different Activation Protocols and Comparison with Other Supports, International J. of Biological Macromolecules, 43, 54(2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2007.11.007
- J. A. Silva, G. P. Macedo, D. S. Rodrigues, R. L. C. Giordano, and L. R. B. Goncalves, Immobilization of Candida antarctica lipase B by Covalent Attachment on Chitosan-based Hydrogels using Different Support Activation Strategies, Biochemical Engineering J., 60, 16(2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2011.09.011
- G. Peng, C. Zhao, B. Liu, F. Ye, and H. Jiang, Immobilized Trypsin onto Chitosan Modified Monodisperse Microspheres: A Different Way for Improving Carrier's Surface Biocompatibility, Applied Surface Science, 258, 5543(2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.01.071
- M. Chellapandian and C. A. Sastry, Immobilization of Alkaline Protease on Nylon, Bioprocess Engineering, 11, 17(1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00369610
- I. B. Romdhane, Z. B. Romdhane, A. Gargouri, and H. Belghith, Esterification Activity and Stability of Talaromces thermophilus lipase Immobilized onto Chitosan, J. of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, 68, 230 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.11.010
- M. N. V. R. Kumar, A Review of Chitin and Chitosan Applications, Reactive and Functional Polymers, 46, 1(2000). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1381-5148(00)00038-9
- V. R. Sinha, A. K. Singla, S. Wadhawan, R. Kaushik, R. Kumria, K. Bansal, and S. Dhawan, Chitosan Microspheres as a Potential Carrier for Drugs, International J. of Pharmaceutics, 274, 1(2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2003.12.026
- Y. J. Kim, Medical Textile Material Development Trends, Dyeing and Finishing, 5, 1(2010).
- S. Sinha, S. R. Dhakate, P. Kumar, R. B. Mathur, P. Tripathi, and S. Chand, Electrospun Polyacrylonitrile Nanofibrous Membranes for Chitosanase Immobilization and its Application in Selective Production of Chitoologosaccharides, Bioresource Technology, 115, 152 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.101
- S. P. Lee, S. W. Kim, E. S. Sohn, and J. S. Kang, Technology TrendAnalysis of Chitosan, J. of Chitin and Chitosan, 8, 193(2003).
- S. H. Lee, H. R. Kim, B. H. Lee, and W. S. Song, Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Chitosan Fiber using Cellulase and Papain, Textile Science and Engineering, 47, 212(2010).
- L. Li and Y. Hsieh, "Lipase Immobilization on Ultrafine Poly(acrylic acid)-poly(vinyl alcohol) Hydrogel Fibers, Polymer Biocatalysis and Biomaterials II", ACS Publications, Washington D. C., pp.129-143, 2008.
- N. Bhardwaj and S. C. Kundu, Electrospinning: a Fascinating Fiber Fabrication Technique, Biotechnology Advances, 28, 325(2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.01.004
- H. Jia, Enzyme-carrying Electrospun Nanofibers, Methods in Molecular Biology, 743, 205(2011).
- W. Li, B. Chen, and T. Tan, Comparative Study of the Properties of Lipase Immobilized on Nonwoven Fabric Membranes by Six Methods, Process Biochemistry, 46, 1358(2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2011.03.005
- S. A. Mohamed, A. S. Aly, T. M. Mohamed, and H. A. Salah, Immobilization of Horseradish Peroxidase on Nonwoven Polyester Fabric Coated with Chitosan, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 144, 169(2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-007-8026-x
- J. V. Edwards, N. Prevost, B. Condon, K. Sethumadhavan, J. Ullah, and A. Bopp, Immobilization of Lysozyme on Cotton Fabrics: Synthesis, Characterization, and Activity, AATCC Reveiw, 11, 73(2011).
- B. Krajewsja, Application of Chitin-and Chitosan-based Materials for Enzyme Immobilizations: a Review, Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 35, 126(2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2003.12.013
- C. M. Gucbilmez, A. Yemenicioglu, and A. Arslanoglu, Antimicrobial Antioxidant Activity of Edible Zein Films Incorporated with Lysozyme, Albumin Proteins and Disodium EDTA, Food Research International, 40, 80 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2006.08.007
- L. Betancor, F. Lopez-Gallego, N. A. Morales, G. Dellamora, C. Mateo, R. F. Lafuente, and J. M. Guisan, "Immobilization of Enzymes and Cells", Humana Press Inc., New-Jersey, pp.57-64, 2007.
- Z. X. Lian, Z. S. Ma, J. Wei, and H. Liu, Preparation and Characterization of Immobilized Lysozyme and Evaluation of its Application in Edible Coatings, Process Biochemistry, 47, 201(2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2011.10.031
- D. Shugar, The Measurement of Lysozyme Activity and the Ultra-violet Inactivation of Lysozyme, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 8, 302(1952). https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3002(52)90045-0
- R. C. Davies, A. Neuberger, and B. M. Wilson, The Dependence of Lysozyme Activity on pH and Ionic Strength, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-Enzymology, 178, 294(1969). https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-2744(69)90397-0
- P. Monsan, Influence of the Conditions of Trypsin Immobilization onto Spherosil on Coupling Efficiency, European J. of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 5, 1(1978). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00515681
- K. Shin, T. J. Kim, Y. K. Kim, and Y. S. Kim, Immobilization of Cellulase from Fomitopsis Pinicola and their Changes of Enzymatic Characteristics, Mokchae Konghak, 38, 251(2010).
- F. Xi, J. Wu, Z. Jia, and X. Lin, Preparation and Characterization of Trypsin Immobilized on Silica Gel Supported Macroporous Chitosan Bead, Process Biochemistry, 40, 2833(2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2004.12.013
- J. S. Kim, S. H. Lee, and W. S. Song, Immobilization of Trypsin on Chitosan Non-woven using Glutaraldehyde, J. of Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles, 37, 852(2013). https://doi.org/10.5850/JKSCT.2013.37.7.852
- F. Y. Li, Y. J. Xing, andX. Ding, Immobilization of Papain on Cotton Fabric by Sol-gel Method, Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 40, 1692(2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.09.007
- M. Monier and A. M. A. E. Sokkary, Modification and Characterization of Cellulosic Cotton Fibers for Efficient Immobilization of Urease, International J. of Biological Macromolecules, 51, 18(2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.04.019
- A. N. Zelenetskii, T. A. Akopova, N. R. Kildeeva, G. A. Vikhoreva, E. S. Obolonkova, andA. A. Zharov, Immobilization of Trypsin on Polysaccharides upon Intense Mechanical Treatment, Russian Chemical Bulletin, 52, 2073(2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:RUCB.0000009655.16601.96